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What are hard water ?explain its types in detail?
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What are hard water ?explain its types in detail?
"Water that produces curd with soap and produces very little latheris called hard water. Hard water affects cleaning ability of soap."........   Hard water contains bicarbonate, chlorides and sulphates ( any one or all ) of calcium and magnesium...TYPES OF HARD WATER    There are two types of hard water.   1. Temporary hard water   2. Permanent hard waterTEMPORARY HARD WATER   "Water that contains bicarbonate of calcium and magnesium or of both is called temporary hard water."   These bicarbonate are soluble in water and produce corresponding ions.Mg(HCO3)2 è Mg+2 +2HCO3-1Ca(HCO3)2 è Ca+2 + 2HCO3-1PERMANENT HARD WATER    Water that contains chlorides or sulphates of calcium or magnesium or of both is called Permanent water.CaCl2è Ca+2 + 2Cl-1MgSO4 è Mg+2 + SO4-2   These compounds are soluble in water and produce corresponding ions.REMOVAL OF HARDNESS OF WATER    Hardness of water can be removed by the following two methods:CLARK'S METHOD   In Clark’s method a calculated amount of calcium hydroxide Ca (OH)2 is added to hard water. Due to    reaction, insoluble carbonates are obtained which are separated by filtration.Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 è 2CaCO3 + 2H2OMg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 è CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2OION-EXCHANGE METHOD    In this method sodium zeolite is used as ion-exchanger. Na-zeolite is passed through the pipes containing    hard water. Sodium zeolite is converted into calcium-zeolite or magnesium-zeolite. These are insoluble in    water and are separated from water by filtration.Ca+2 + Na2-zeolite è Ca-zeolite + 2Na+1Mg+2 +Na2-zeolite è Mg-zeolite + 2Na+1DISADVANTAGE OF HARD WATER   Domestic:   Hard water affect cleaning ability of soap.   When hard water is used for washing, large amount of soap is consumed.   Industrial:   Hard water can cause "Scaling" inside the pipes that transport water . Therefore if we use hard water in    turbines and heat exchangers, their pipes will be corroded   Health:   Hard water when used for drinking for long period can lead to stomach disorders. Especially hard water    contains magnesium sulphate can weaken the stomach permanently
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What are hard water ?explain its types in detail?
Hard water is water containing high amounts of mineral ions. types of hard water.The most common ions found in hard water are the metal cations calcium (Ca2+) andmagnesium (Mg2+), though iron, aluminum, and manganese may also be found in certain areas.
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Clockwork refers to the inner workings of mechanical clock or watch (where it is known as “movement”) and different types of toys which work using a series of gears driven by a spring. Clockwork device is completely mechanical and its essential parts are:• A key (or crown) which you wind to add energy• A spiral spring in which the energy is stored• A set of gears through which the spring's energy is released. The gears control how quickly (or slowly) a clockwork machine can do things. Such as in mechanical clock / watch the mechanism is the set of hands that sweep around the dial to tell the time. In a clockwork car toy, the gears drive the wheels.Winding the clockwork with the key means tightening a sturdy metal spring, called the mainspring. It is the process of storing potential energy. Clockwork springs are usually twists of thick steel, so tightening them (forcing the spring to occupy a much smaller spac e) is actually quite hard work. With each turn of the key, fingers do work and potential energy is stored in the spring. The amount of energy stored depends on the size and tension of the spring. Harder a spring is to turn and longer it is wound, the more energy it stores.While the spring uncoils, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy through gears, cams, cranks and shafts which allow wheels to move faster or slower. In an ancient clock, gears transform the speed of a rotating shaft so that it drives the second hand at one speed, the minute hand at 1/60 that speed, and the hour hand at 1/3600 that speed. Clockwork toy cars often use gears to make themselves race along at surprising speed.What type of energy is stored in the spring while winding it?

Attempt All sub parts from each question.Molecular Perspective In water, there are two types of molecules. Some molecules are at the surface, called exterior molecules, and some molecules are inside, called interior molecules. The interior molecules are attracted to all the molecules around them. The exterior molecules are attracted to only the other surface molecules and to those below the surface. So that the energy state of the molecules on the interior is much lower than that of the molecules on the exterior. The molecules always try to maintain a lower energy state and hence the exterior molecules experience a downward force. This force is known as cohesive force. As a result they try to maintain a minimum surface area, thus allowing more molecules to have a lower energy state. Thus surface tension is created. The water molecules attract one another due to the water molecule’s polar property. The hydrogen ends, which are positive in comparison to the negative ends of the oxygen, cause water to "stick " together. This is why there is surface tension. Water has very high surface tension. It is 72.8 milli newton per meter at 20°C.Q. The water molecules attract one another due to the water molecule’s

Attempt All sub parts from each question.Molecular Perspective In water, there are two types of molecules. Some molecules are at the surface, called exterior molecules, and some molecules are inside, called interior molecules. The interior molecules are attracted to all the molecules around them. The exterior molecules are attracted to only the other surface molecules and to those below the surface. So that the energy state of the molecules on the interior is much lower than that of the molecules on the exterior. The molecules always try to maintain a lower energy state and hence the exterior molecules experience a downward force. This force is known as cohesive force. As a result they try to maintain a minimum surface area, thus allowing more molecules to have a lower energy state. Thus surface tension is created. The water molecules attract one another due to the water molecule’s polar property. The hydrogen ends, which are positive in comparison to the negative ends of the oxygen, cause water to "stick " together. This is why there is surface tension. Water has very high surface tension. It is 72.8 milli newton per meter at 20°C.Q. Surface tension of water is

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What are hard water ?explain its types in detail?
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