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A pipe line carrying water has surface-protrusions of average height 0.10 mm. If the shear stress developed is 7.85 N/m2, then the pipe surface will act as
- a)smooth
- b)rough
- c)transition
- d)data insufficient
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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A pipe line carrying water has surface-protrusions of average height 0...
Since roughness value lies between 4 and 100 the pipe act as in transition.
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A pipe line carrying water has surface-protrusions of average height 0...
Shear Stress and Surface Protrusions
Shear stress is the force per unit area that acts tangent to a surface, causing deformation or flow. In the case of a pipe carrying water, shear stress is generated by the frictional resistance of the water against the inner surface of the pipe. If the surface of the pipe has protrusions, such as bumps or ridges, these can affect the flow of water and the development of shear stress.
The Effect of Surface Protrusions
The height and distribution of surface protrusions on the pipe can determine whether the surface is smooth, rough or in transition. A smooth surface has no protrusions and is therefore expected to have a minimal effect on shear stress. A rough surface has irregularities that create turbulence and increase shear stress. A transitional surface has a combination of smooth and rough areas, and the effect on shear stress can be difficult to predict.
Determining the Type of Surface
To determine the type of surface, we need to compare the height of the surface protrusions to the boundary layer thickness. The boundary layer is the layer of fluid that is closest to the surface of the pipe, where the velocity of the fluid is reduced due to friction. The thickness of the boundary layer depends on the velocity of the fluid and the roughness of the surface.
If the height of the surface protrusions is smaller than the boundary layer thickness, then the surface is smooth. If the height is larger than the boundary layer thickness, then the surface is rough. If the height is comparable to the boundary layer thickness, then the surface is transitional.
In this case, we are given that the average height of the surface protrusions is 0.10 mm and the shear stress developed is 7.85 N/m2. Without knowing the velocity of the water, we cannot directly calculate the boundary layer thickness. However, based on the height of the surface protrusions, we can reasonably assume that the surface is in transition.
Conclusion
The correct answer is option C, transition. The height of the surface protrusions suggests that the surface is not smooth, but we do not have enough information to determine if it is rough. Therefore, we can conclude that the surface is transitional, with a combination of smooth and rough areas that affect the development of shear stress.
Shear stress is the force per unit area that acts tangent to a surface, causing deformation or flow. In the case of a pipe carrying water, shear stress is generated by the frictional resistance of the water against the inner surface of the pipe. If the surface of the pipe has protrusions, such as bumps or ridges, these can affect the flow of water and the development of shear stress.
The Effect of Surface Protrusions
The height and distribution of surface protrusions on the pipe can determine whether the surface is smooth, rough or in transition. A smooth surface has no protrusions and is therefore expected to have a minimal effect on shear stress. A rough surface has irregularities that create turbulence and increase shear stress. A transitional surface has a combination of smooth and rough areas, and the effect on shear stress can be difficult to predict.
Determining the Type of Surface
To determine the type of surface, we need to compare the height of the surface protrusions to the boundary layer thickness. The boundary layer is the layer of fluid that is closest to the surface of the pipe, where the velocity of the fluid is reduced due to friction. The thickness of the boundary layer depends on the velocity of the fluid and the roughness of the surface.
If the height of the surface protrusions is smaller than the boundary layer thickness, then the surface is smooth. If the height is larger than the boundary layer thickness, then the surface is rough. If the height is comparable to the boundary layer thickness, then the surface is transitional.
In this case, we are given that the average height of the surface protrusions is 0.10 mm and the shear stress developed is 7.85 N/m2. Without knowing the velocity of the water, we cannot directly calculate the boundary layer thickness. However, based on the height of the surface protrusions, we can reasonably assume that the surface is in transition.
Conclusion
The correct answer is option C, transition. The height of the surface protrusions suggests that the surface is not smooth, but we do not have enough information to determine if it is rough. Therefore, we can conclude that the surface is transitional, with a combination of smooth and rough areas that affect the development of shear stress.
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A pipe line carrying water has surface-protrusions of average height 0...
Turbulent flow
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A pipe line carrying water has surface-protrusions of average height 0.10 mm. If the shear stress developed is 7.85 N/m2, then the pipe surface will act asa)smooth b)roughc)transition d)data insufficientCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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