What is endosperm and Gymnosperm?

The endosperm of gymnosperms is haploid. It is a pre-fertilization tissue and is equivalent to female gametophyte, hence it is haploid in nature but in angiosperms it is post-fertilization tissue and is generally triploid in nature



In gymnosperms the endosperm is formed in the ovule during germination of the megaspore is a gametophytic tissue, which consequently becomes the female prothallus or the gametophyte with a haploid set of chromosomes. The archegonia in gymnosperms develop from certain cells of the endosperm

Why endosperm is haploid in gymnosperms?

In gymnosperms the endosperm is formed in the ovule during germination of the megaspore; it consequently becomes the female prothallus (gametophyte), with a haploid set of chromosomes. ... By uniting sets of chromosomes from both parent plants the endosperm becomes a physiologically active, viable nutrient tissue.

The Endosperm of Gymnosperms

The endosperm of gymnosperms is a specialized tissue found in the seeds of these plants. It plays a crucial role in the development and nourishment of the embryo. Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes. Unlike angiosperms, gymnosperms do not have true fruits and their seeds are not enclosed in an ovary.

Structure of Endosperm

The endosperm is a triploid tissue that develops within the female gametophyte. It is formed through the process of double fertilization, where one of the two sperm cells fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other sperm cell fuses with the central cell to form the endosperm. The endosperm is located in close proximity to the developing embryo and provides it with essential nutrients.

Function of Endosperm

The endosperm serves several important functions in the life cycle of gymnosperms:

1. Nourishment of the Embryo: The primary function of the endosperm is to provide nourishment to the developing embryo. It stores essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and minerals. These stored reserves are gradually mobilized and transported to the embryo as it grows, ensuring its proper development.

2. Protection and Support: The endosperm acts as a protective layer around the developing embryo, shielding it from mechanical damage and providing support. It also helps in the absorption and retention of water, promoting hydration and growth.

3. Germination and Seedling Development: During germination, the endosperm is metabolized by the embryo to provide energy and nutrients for the initial stages of seedling development. It is an important source of energy until the seedling establishes its own photosynthetic capacity.

Examples of Gymnosperms with Endosperm

Some examples of gymnosperms that possess endosperm include:

1. Conifers: Conifers, such as pine, spruce, and fir trees, produce seeds with endosperm. The endosperm in conifers is often abundant and persists even in mature seeds.

2. Ginkgoes: Ginkgo biloba, a living fossil, also produces seeds with endosperm. The endosperm in ginkgo seeds is gradually consumed during germination.

3. Cycads: Cycads, like the Sago palm, have seeds with endosperm. The endosperm in cycad seeds is starchy and serves as a food source for the developing embryo.

In conclusion, the endosperm of gymnosperms is a specialized tissue that plays a crucial role in the development and nourishment of the embryo. It provides essential nutrients, protection, and support to the developing embryo and aids in germination and seedling development. Several gymnosperms, including conifers, ginkgoes, and cycads, produce seeds with endosperm.