Q12: Write the name of a new tool which was used to dig earth for turning the soil and planting trees.Ans : Shudra

• Kingdoms were political entities ruled by kings or queens in ancient times.
• They were often characterized by a central authority figure who held power over the land and its people.
• Kingdoms were usually hereditary, with rulers passing their title and authority down to their descendants.
• Some famous kingdoms in history include the Egyptian Kingdom, Roman Kingdom, and the Kingdom of England.



• Kings were the rulers of kingdoms and held significant power and influence over their subjects.
• They were often seen as divine or chosen by the gods to rule, depending on the culture and religion of the kingdom.
• Kings were responsible for making laws, leading armies, and ensuring the well-being of their people.
• Some famous kings in history include King Tutankhamun of Egypt, King Henry VIII of England, and King Louis XIV of France.



• The early republic refers to the period in history when a society transitions from being ruled by a monarch to a system of government based on elected officials.
• In ancient Rome, the early republic marked the shift from kingship to a republican form of government with elected consuls and senators.
• The early republic was characterized by a balance of power between different branches of government and an emphasis on civic duty and participation.
• This period laid the foundation for modern democratic systems of government and influenced political thought for centuries to come.