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In Ferromagnetic materials
  • a)
    atomic magnetic moments are random in strong external fields
  • b)
    strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external field
  • c)
    weak interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external field
  • d)
    strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up parallel to each other in regions called magnetic domains even if there is no external field
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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In Ferromagnetic materialsa)atomic magnetic moments are random in stro...
A ferromagnetic substance contains permanent atomic magnetic dipoles that are spontaneously oriented parallel to one another even in the absence of an external field. The magnetic repulsion between two dipoles aligned side by side with their moments in the same direction makes it difficult to understand the phenomenon of ferromagnetism. It is known that within a ferromagnetic material, there is a spontaneous alignment of atoms in large clusters. A new type of interaction, a quantum mechanical effect known as the exchange interaction, is involved. A highly simplified description of how the exchange interaction aligns electrons in ferromagnetic materials is given here.
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In Ferromagnetic materialsa)atomic magnetic moments are random in stro...
Ferromagnetic Materials and Magnetic Domains

Introduction:
Ferromagnetic materials are a type of magnetic material that exhibit a strong attraction to magnetic fields. This property arises due to the alignment of atomic magnetic moments within the material. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the magnetic moments of individual atoms are randomly oriented. However, when a magnetic field is applied, these moments can align in a specific direction, leading to the formation of magnetic domains.

Atomic Magnetic Moments:
- In ferromagnetic materials, each atom possesses a magnetic moment, which arises from the spin and orbital motion of its electrons.
- In the absence of an external magnetic field, these atomic magnetic moments are randomly oriented, resulting in a net magnetization of zero for the material as a whole.

Strong Interactions between Atomic Magnetic Moments:
- When a ferromagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, the atomic magnetic moments experience a torque due to the interaction between the external field and their own magnetic fields.
- In the case of ferromagnetic materials, there are strong interactions between the atomic magnetic moments, causing them to align parallel to each other in certain regions called magnetic domains.
- These strong interactions can overcome the thermal fluctuations that tend to randomize the orientation of the atomic magnetic moments.
- The alignment of atomic magnetic moments in the same direction leads to the development of a macroscopic magnetic field and makes the material ferromagnetic.

Magnetic Domains:
- Magnetic domains are regions within a ferromagnetic material where the atomic magnetic moments are aligned parallel to each other.
- The size of these domains can vary, ranging from a few nanometers to several millimeters, depending on the material and its history.
- The boundaries between different domains are called domain walls, where the alignment of the atomic magnetic moments changes gradually.
- In the absence of an external magnetic field, the domains may be randomly oriented, resulting in a net magnetization of zero for the material as a whole.

Conclusion:
In summary, the strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments in ferromagnetic materials cause them to align parallel to each other in regions called magnetic domains, even in the absence of an external magnetic field. This alignment leads to the development of a macroscopic magnetic field and makes the material ferromagnetic.
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Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:Super magnet The term super magnet is a broad term and encompasses several families of rare-earth magnets that include seventeen elements in the periodic table; namely scandium, yttrium, and the fifteen lanthanides. These elements can be magnetized, but have Curie temperatures below room temperature. This means that in their pure form, their magnetism only appears at low temperatures. However, when they form compounds with transition metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt, etc. Curie temperature rises well above room temperature and they can be used effectively at higher temperatures as well. The main advantage they have over conventional magnets is that their greater strength allows for smaller, lighter magnets to be used. Super magnets are of two categories:(i) Neodymium magnet: These are made from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron. This material is currently the strongest known type of permanent magnet. It is typically used in the construction of head actuators in computer hard drives and has many electronic applications, such as electric motors, appliances, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).(ii) Samarium-cobalt magnet: These are made from an alloy of samarium and cobalt. This second strongest type of rare Earth magnet is also used in electronic motors, turbo-machinery, and because of its high temperature range tolerance may also have many applications for space travel, such as cryogenics and heat resistant machinery. Rare-earth magnets are extremely brittle and also vulnerable to corrosion, so they are usually plated or coated to protect them from breaking, chipping, or crumbling into powder. Since super magnets are about 10 times stronger than ordinary magnets, safe distance should be maintained otherwise these may damage mechanical watch, CRT monitor, pacemaker, credit cards, magnetically stored media etc. These types of magnets are hazardous for health also. The greater force exerted by rare-earth magnets creates hazards that are not seen with other types of magnet. Magnets larger than a few centimeters are strong enough to cause injuries to body parts pinched between two magnets or a magnet and a metal surface, even causing broken bones. Neodymium permanent magnets lose their magnetism 5% every 100 years. So, in the truest sense Neodymium magnets may be considered as a permanent magnet.Neodymium and Samarium are

In Ferromagnetic materialsa)atomic magnetic moments are random in strong external fieldsb)strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external fieldc)weak interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external fieldd)strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up parallel to each other in regions called magnetic domains even if there is no external fieldCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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In Ferromagnetic materialsa)atomic magnetic moments are random in strong external fieldsb)strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external fieldc)weak interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external fieldd)strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up parallel to each other in regions called magnetic domains even if there is no external fieldCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? for Class 12 2024 is part of Class 12 preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the Class 12 exam syllabus. Information about In Ferromagnetic materialsa)atomic magnetic moments are random in strong external fieldsb)strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external fieldc)weak interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external fieldd)strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up parallel to each other in regions called magnetic domains even if there is no external fieldCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for Class 12 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for In Ferromagnetic materialsa)atomic magnetic moments are random in strong external fieldsb)strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external fieldc)weak interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up anti parallel to each other in external fieldd)strong interactions between atomic magnetic moments cause them to line up parallel to each other in regions called magnetic domains even if there is no external fieldCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?.
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