Monarchy is a form of government where a single ruler, usually a king or queen, holds all the power in the country. The ruler's power is often inherited through a royal family line, with the position passed down from one generation to the next. Monarchies can be absolute, where the ruler has complete control over the government and its decisions, or constitutional, where the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution or parliament.
Monarchies have been a common form of government throughout history, with many countries having monarchs as their head of state. Monarchs often have ceremonial roles, such as representing the country at official events and ceremonies, and may also have some political powers, such as the ability to appoint government officials or veto legislation.

The French Revolution was a period of significant social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799. It began with the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, and led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. The revolution was driven by widespread discontent with the monarchy's oppressive rule, high taxes, and economic inequality.
Key points of the French Revolution include:
- The Estates-General: The Estates-General was a representative assembly made up of three estates – the clergy, the nobility, and the common people. The common people, known as the Third Estate, felt underrepresented and marginalized in the Estates-General, leading to the formation of the National Assembly.
- The National Assembly: The National Assembly was formed by members of the Third Estate who broke away from the Estates-General and declared themselves the legitimate government of France. They adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which proclaimed liberty, equality, and fraternity as the foundation of French society.
- Reign of Terror: The Reign of Terror was a period of violence and mass executions during the French Revolution. Led by the radical Jacobins, thousands of people, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, were guillotined in an effort to purge France of counter-revolutionaries and enemies of the revolution.
Overall, the French Revolution had a profound impact on France and the world, inspiring other revolutionary movements and leading to significant social and political changes.