Capillarity defined as phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid in a small tube relative adjacent general level

capillary rise= 4×surface tension(x)×cos ¥/(w×d)

cos ¥ relates to the adhesive or cohesive of liquid molecules
w= specific weight
d= diameter of pipe

Capillary action is a phenomenon that occurs when a liquid flows in a narrow space or tube, against the force of gravity. It is commonly observed when a liquid, such as water, is drawn up into a narrow tube, such as a capillary tube or the fibers of a paper towel.

Surface Tension:
Surface tension is the property of a liquid that enables it to resist an external force, such as the force of gravity. It is caused by the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules at the surface. These cohesive forces create a "skin" or surface layer that tends to minimize the surface area of the liquid. In the case of capillary action, surface tension plays a crucial role. The surface tension of the liquid helps to pull the liquid up into the capillary tube or fibers, against the force of gravity.

Cohesion of the Liquid:
Cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same substance. In the case of capillary action, the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules help to pull the liquid up into the narrow space. The molecules at the surface of the liquid are attracted to each other, creating a continuous column of liquid that rises in the capillary tube.

Adhesion of the Liquid Molecules and the Molecules on the Surface of a Solid:
Adhesion refers to the attraction between molecules of different substances. In the case of capillary action, the liquid molecules are attracted to the molecules on the surface of the solid, such as the walls of the capillary tube or the fibers of the paper towel. This adhesion helps to draw the liquid up into the narrow space, as the liquid molecules are more strongly attracted to the solid surface than to each other.

Combination of Surface Tension, Cohesion, and Adhesion:
Capillary action is a combination of surface tension, cohesion, and adhesion. The surface tension of the liquid enables it to resist the force of gravity and form a concave meniscus, which helps to draw the liquid up into the capillary tube. The cohesive forces between the liquid molecules create a continuous column of liquid, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the solid surface help to draw the liquid up into the narrow space.