Causes of low productivity in agriculture:

1. Lack of modern technology: One of the major causes of low productivity in agriculture is the lack of modern technology and techniques. Many farmers in India still rely on traditional methods of farming which are outdated and inefficient. The use of outdated tools and techniques leads to low productivity and yield.

2. Limited access to irrigation: Another significant factor contributing to low productivity in agriculture is the limited access to irrigation facilities. A large portion of agricultural land in India is rain-fed, which makes it highly dependent on monsoon rains. Inadequate irrigation facilities result in crop failures and low productivity.

3. Small landholdings: The majority of farmers in India have small landholdings which limit their ability to adopt modern farming techniques. Small landholdings make it difficult for farmers to invest in machinery, modern inputs, and other resources required for high productivity.

4. Lack of capital and credit: Many farmers in India face a lack of capital and credit to invest in modern inputs such as high-quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery. Limited access to credit prevents farmers from adopting new technologies and practices that can increase productivity.

5. Dependency on monsoon: Indian agriculture is highly dependent on monsoon rains for irrigation. Inconsistent and uneven rainfall patterns can lead to droughts or floods, which negatively impact crop yields and productivity. Climate change has further aggravated this issue.

6. Low investment in research and development: Insufficient investment in research and development in the agricultural sector hinders the development and adoption of new technologies and practices. This lack of innovation limits productivity growth in the sector.

7. Lack of market infrastructure: Inadequate market infrastructure, such as storage facilities, transportation networks, and market linkages, result in post-harvest losses and lower profits for farmers. This discourages farmers from investing in high productivity practices.

8. Fragmented supply chains: Fragmented supply chains in the agricultural sector lead to inefficiencies and delays in the movement of agricultural produce from farm to market. These inefficiencies reduce the overall productivity of the sector.

Green Revolution - Indian agriculture:

The Green Revolution, which took place in India during the 1960s and 1970s, was a significant step towards increasing agricultural productivity. It involved the adoption of high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased use of fertilizers and pesticides, and improved irrigation facilities. The Green Revolution led to a substantial increase in agricultural production, particularly in wheat and rice.

The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds played a crucial role in increasing productivity. These seeds were developed through research and development efforts and were more resistant to pests and diseases. Additionally, the use of fertilizers and pesticides helped in enhancing crop yields. The government also invested in the construction of dams, canals, and tube wells to improve irrigation facilities.

The Green Revolution had a positive impact on Indian agriculture and played a significant role in making the country self-sufficient in food production. It increased agricultural productivity, reduced dependency on imports, and improved food security. However, the Green Revolution also had some negative consequences, such as environmental degradation, depletion of natural resources, and increased dependence on chemical inputs.

Indian Economy:

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the