Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons


Protons are subatomic particles that are found within the nucleus of an atom. They have a positive charge and are symbolized by the letter "p". Each proton carries a charge of +1. The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which is a unique characteristic of each element. For example, hydrogen has one proton, while oxygen has eight protons. Protons are considered to be fundamental particles and are composed of quarks, which are elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons.


Neutrons are also subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They have no charge, meaning they are electrically neutral. Neutrons are symbolized by the letter "n" and are slightly heavier than protons. The number of neutrons in an atom can vary, even for atoms of the same element. Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Neutrons help stabilize the nucleus of an atom by balancing the repulsive forces between the positively charged protons.


Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus of an atom. They are symbolized by the letter "e". Electrons have a much smaller mass compared to protons and neutrons. The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons, resulting in a neutral charge overall. However, if an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes an ion with a positive or negative charge, respectively. Electrons exist in different energy levels or shells around the nucleus, with each shell accommodating a specific number of electrons.


- Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
- Neutrons are neutral particles also located in the nucleus.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus.
- The number of protons determines the atomic number and element identity.
- Neutrons help stabilize the nucleus, balancing the forces between protons.
- Electrons exist in specific energy levels and determine the atom's chemical properties.

Electrons are a type of subatomic particle with a negative charge. Protons are a type of subatomic particle with a positive charge. Protons are bound together in an atom's nucleus as a result of the strong nuclear force. Neutrons are a type of subatomic particle with no charge (they're neutral).