The British presence in India began through trade. Robert Clive, of the British East India Company, combined military powers and became wealthy. With wealth came power, and traders took control of huge swaths of India.

The British Conquest of India
The British conquest of India was a complex process that unfolded over several centuries, marked by strategic military campaigns, diplomacy, and economic exploitation.
Early Arrival and Establishment
- The British East India Company arrived in India in the early 17th century, initially focusing on trade.
- They established trading posts in coastal cities like Surat, Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta.
Military Expansion
- The Company began to use military force to secure its interests, leading to conflicts with local rulers.
- Key battles such as the Battle of Plassey (1757) allowed the British to dominate Bengal, a wealthy province.
Administrative Control
- Following their military victories, the British expanded their administrative control through treaties and alliances.
- The system of indirect rule was employed, where local princes were retained but under British supervision.
Expansion and Annexation
- The British systematically annexed territories across India through wars and diplomatic maneuvers.
- Significant annexations occurred during the Anglo-Mysore Wars and the Anglo-Sikh Wars.
The Role of the Sepoy Mutiny
- In 1857, the Sepoy Mutiny erupted due to resentment against British policies.
- Although the rebellion was suppressed, it marked a shift, leading to direct British rule over India (the British Raj).
Conclusion
- By the late 19th century, the British had established control over most of India.
- Their rule deeply influenced Indian society, economy, and governance, setting the stage for future independence movements.