Network Topology:
Different types of network topologies are used to connect devices in a network. Each topology has its own advantages and disadvantages. Here are some common types of network topologies:

1. Bus Topology:
In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single cable, called a bus. Data is transmitted in both directions, and each device listens to the data passing on the bus. This type of topology is easy to install and cost-effective, but it can be slow and prone to congestion.

2. Star Topology:
In a star topology, each device is connected to a central hub or switch. All data passes through the central hub, which helps in isolating any issues with individual devices. This type of topology is easy to troubleshoot and provides high reliability, but it can be expensive to implement.

3. Ring Topology:
In a ring topology, each device is connected to two other devices, forming a closed loop. Data travels in one direction around the ring until it reaches its destination. This type of topology is efficient for data transmission and easy to add or remove devices, but a single point of failure can disrupt the entire network.

4. Mesh Topology:
In a mesh topology, each device is connected to every other device in the network. This creates multiple paths for data to travel, increasing reliability and fault tolerance. However, this type of topology can be costly and complex to manage.

5. Hybrid Topology:
A hybrid topology combines two or more different types of topologies. For example, a network may have a combination of star and bus topologies. This allows for flexibility and scalability in designing a network to meet specific requirements.
Each type of network topology has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of topology depends on factors such as the size of the network, the budget, and the desired level of reliability.