Municipal Solid Waste:
Municipal solid waste refers to the waste generated by households, commercial establishments, and institutions within a municipality or a local area. It includes various types of waste such as paper, plastic, glass, metal, food waste, yard waste, and other non-hazardous materials. Municipal solid waste is typically collected by local authorities and disposed of in landfills or through other waste management methods.

Solid Waste:
Solid waste is any discarded material that is not a liquid or a gas. It includes both municipal solid waste and non-municipal solid waste. Non-municipal solid waste refers to waste generated by industries, construction sites, agriculture, and other non-household sources. Solid waste can be organic or inorganic in nature and may pose environmental and health risks if not managed properly.

Composting:
Composting is a natural process of decomposing organic waste materials, such as food scraps, yard trimmings, and other biodegradable waste, into a nutrient-rich soil amendment called compost. Composting is an environmentally friendly way to divert organic waste from landfills and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It involves creating a controlled environment with the right balance of moisture, oxygen, and temperature to facilitate the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms. Through composting, organic waste is transformed into a valuable product that can enrich the soil and improve its fertility, which can be used in gardening, landscaping, and agriculture.

Sludge:
Sludge refers to the semi-solid or slurry-like residue that is left behind after the treatment of wastewater or industrial processes. It consists of a mixture of water, solids, and other substances, including organic matter, suspended particles, and chemicals. Sludge is generated in wastewater treatment plants, industrial facilities, and other processes that involve the treatment or purification of liquids. It can contain harmful pollutants and pathogens, making its proper management and disposal essential to protect the environment and public health. Sludge is often treated, processed, and disposed of through methods such as dewatering, digestion, incineration, or land application, depending on its characteristics and local regulations.