Journalising Transactions:

(a) Sold Goods to Harsh:
The given transaction can be journalised as follows:

Date Particulars L.F. Debit (₹) Credit (₹)

Sales Account Dr. 50,000
To Harsh Account 50,000
(Being goods sold to Harsh at 20% trade discount and 5% cash discount)
Bank Account Dr. 20,000
Discount Allowed Account Dr. 1,500
To Harsh Account 21,500
(Being 40% of the amount paid by Harsh through a bankers cheque after availing cash discount)

(b) Cash Received from Ram on Behalf of Shyam:
The given transaction can be journalised as follows:

Date Particulars L.F. Debit (₹) Credit (₹)

Cash Account Dr. 5,000
To Ram Account 5,000
(Being cash received from Ram on behalf of Shyam)

Explanation:

(a) Sold Goods to Harsh:
In the given transaction, goods are sold to Harsh for ₹50,000 at a trade discount of 20% and a cash discount of 5%. Therefore, the net amount payable by Harsh is ₹40,000 (i.e., ₹50,000 - 20% of ₹50,000) after the trade discount and ₹38,000 (i.e., ₹40,000 - 5% of ₹40,000) after the cash discount. Harsh pays 40% of this amount immediately through a bankers cheque. Hence, the bank account is debited with ₹20,000 (i.e., 40% of ₹50,000) and the discount allowed account is debited with ₹1,500 (i.e., 5% of ₹40,000) to record the cash discount allowed to Harsh. The Harsh account is credited with the total amount of ₹21,500 (i.e., ₹20,000 + ₹1,500).

(b) Cash Received from Ram on Behalf of Shyam:
In this transaction, Ram pays ₹5,000 on behalf of Shyam. Hence, the cash account is debited with ₹5,000 and the Ram account is credited with the same amount to record the receipt of cash.