Fractional Distillation:
Fractional distillation is a method used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points. This process is based on the principle that each component in a mixture has a different boiling point, allowing them to be separated by heating the mixture and then condensing the vapor back into liquid form.

Process:
- The mixture is heated in a fractionating column, where it forms vapor.
- The vapor rises through the column, and as it reaches a certain height, it encounters a cooler surface.
- The vapor of the component with the lower boiling point condenses back into liquid form and is collected.
- The remaining vapor continues to rise until it reaches the next cooler surface, where the component with the next higher boiling point condenses and is collected.
- This process is repeated until all the components have been separated.

Application:
Fractional distillation is commonly used in industries for the separation of crude oil into various fractions like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. It is also used in laboratories for purifying liquids and separating components from a mixture.

Advantages:
- It is a simple and efficient method for separating components with different boiling points.
- It allows for the separation of a wide range of mixtures, making it versatile in various industries and applications.
In conclusion, fractional distillation is a valuable technique for separating gases or liquids with different boiling points, making it an essential process in various fields.