The Netherlands was the richest country in the world during the 17th century. It experienced a period of economic prosperity known as the Dutch Golden Age, which was characterized by significant advancements in trade, industry, and finance.

1. Economic Factors:
- Trade Dominance: The Netherlands established a vast global trading network, with Dutch merchants sailing to various parts of the world, including Asia, Africa, and the Americas. They engaged in lucrative trade in spices, textiles, slaves, sugar, and other valuable commodities.
- East India Company: The Dutch East India Company, established in 1602, played a crucial role in Dutch economic success. It monopolized the trade with the East Indies, bringing enormous profits to the country.
- Shipbuilding Industry: The Dutch had a thriving shipbuilding industry, constructing ships that were not only used for trade but also for naval warfare. This industry further boosted the Dutch economy.

2. Financial Factors:
- Amsterdam Stock Exchange: The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, founded in 1602, was the first stock exchange in the world. It facilitated the trading of shares and bonds, attracting investors and capital to the country.
- Banking System: The Dutch developed a sophisticated banking system, which included institutions such as the Amsterdam Exchange Bank and the Bank of Amsterdam. These institutions provided financial services and helped finance trade ventures.

3. Innovation and Technology:
- Agricultural Advancements: The Dutch introduced innovative techniques in agriculture, such as land reclamation and the use of windmills for water management. This led to increased agricultural productivity and surplus food production.
- Scientific Discoveries: The Netherlands became a center for scientific advancements during the 17th century. Prominent scientists like Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Christiaan Huygens made significant contributions to fields such as microscopy, astronomy, and physics.
- Art and Culture: The Dutch Golden Age was also a period of flourishing art and culture. Famous painters like Rembrandt van Rijn and Johannes Vermeer emerged during this time, producing remarkable works that still influence the art world today.

In conclusion, the Netherlands emerged as the richest country in the 17th century due to its dominance in global trade, the establishment of institutions like the Dutch East India Company and the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, advancements in agriculture and technology, and the flourishing of art and culture. These factors combined to create a prosperous and economically vibrant nation during this period.