The ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society is known as Social Exclusion.

Social exclusion refers to the processes by which individuals or groups are marginalized or excluded from participating fully in society. It is a multidimensional concept that encompasses various forms of disadvantage, such as poverty, discrimination, lack of access to resources, and limited social and political participation.

Factors contributing to social exclusion:

1. Poverty: One of the primary factors leading to social exclusion is poverty. Individuals or groups who lack sufficient income or resources may struggle to meet their basic needs and participate in society. Poverty can limit access to education, healthcare, housing, and employment opportunities, further perpetuating social exclusion.

2. Discrimination: Social exclusion can also result from discrimination based on factors such as race, gender, ethnicity, religion, or disability. When individuals face prejudice or bias, they may be denied equal opportunities, resources, and social interactions, leading to exclusion from mainstream society.

3. Unemployment: Lack of employment or underemployment can contribute to social exclusion. Without stable and meaningful work, individuals may experience financial strain, reduced social networks, and a loss of identity and purpose. Unemployment can lead to isolation, limited access to resources, and a decreased sense of belonging in society.

4. Geographical Location: Living in certain geographic areas can also result in social exclusion. Remote or marginalized communities may have limited access to essential services, infrastructure, and opportunities for social and economic development. This can further isolate individuals or groups and limit their participation in wider society.

5. Education: Limited access to quality education can perpetuate social exclusion. Without proper education, individuals may lack the skills and knowledge necessary to fully participate in society and access better opportunities. Education plays a crucial role in empowering individuals and breaking the cycle of social exclusion.

Consequences of social exclusion:

1. Poverty and inequality: Social exclusion often leads to increased poverty and inequality within society. Those who are excluded from opportunities and resources are more likely to experience economic hardship and limited social mobility.

2. Isolation and marginalization: Socially excluded individuals may feel isolated and marginalized, leading to feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, and mental health issues. They may also face stigmatization and discrimination, further exacerbating their exclusion.

3. Reduced social and political participation: Social exclusion limits individuals' ability to participate fully in social and political life. They may have limited access to decision-making processes, civic engagement, and community activities, which can hinder their overall well-being and sense of belonging.

4. Inter-generational transmission: Social exclusion can be passed down from one generation to the next. Children growing up in socially excluded families or communities face significant disadvantages, perpetuating the cycle of exclusion and widening social inequalities.

In conclusion, social exclusion refers to the ways in which individuals or groups are cut off from full involvement in wider society. It is a complex issue influenced by various factors such as poverty, discrimination, unemployment, geographical location, and limited access to education. Social exclusion has far-reaching consequences, including increased poverty, isolation, reduced social and political participation, and inter-generational transmission of disadvantage. Efforts to address social exclusion require