Military Crisis under Yahya Khan

Under the military rule of Yahya Khan, Pakistan faced a severe military crisis that had significant political and social implications. Yahya Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, during a period of great unrest and turmoil in the country.

Background:
- Yahya Khan came to power after a military coup against President Ayub Khan, who had faced widespread protests and dissatisfaction.
- The country was already grappling with political instability, economic challenges, and regional tensions, particularly in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).

The Crisis:
- The military crisis under Yahya Khan primarily stemmed from the contentious 1970 general election, which was marred by political unrest, violence, and allegations of rigging.
- The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, emerged as the majority party in East Pakistan, demanding greater autonomy and regional rights.
- However, Yahya Khan's government failed to address the concerns and demands of the Awami League, leading to further escalation of tensions.

Breakdown of Law and Order:
- The military crisis intensified as the government resorted to a military crackdown in East Pakistan to suppress the growing demands for autonomy.
- This led to widespread protests, strikes, and violent clashes between the military and civilians, resulting in a breakdown of law and order.
- The situation escalated further when the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight in March 1971, which aimed to crush the independence movement in East Pakistan.

Humanitarian Crisis:
- The military actions by Yahya Khan's government resulted in a severe humanitarian crisis, with thousands of people being killed, displaced, or subjected to atrocities.
- Millions of Bengalis fled to neighboring India as refugees, putting a strain on resources and exacerbating tensions between the two countries.

Independence of Bangladesh:
- The military crisis ultimately led to the independence of Bangladesh. In December 1971, India intervened militarily in support of the Bangladesh liberation movement.
- The Pakistani military was unable to contain the Indian forces, and on December 16, 1971, they surrendered to India, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh.

Aftermath:
- The military crisis under Yahya Khan's rule had profound consequences for Pakistan. It led to the breakup of the country, with East Pakistan seceding to form Bangladesh.
- Yahya Khan's presidency came to an end, and the military's reputation was severely tarnished.
- The crisis also had long-lasting political and social implications, as it highlighted the importance of addressing regional grievances and promoting democracy and civilian rule in the country.