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Direction: Read the passage given below and then answer the question that follow. Some words may be underline for your attention. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970’s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda-setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-‘media barons’, which, when combined with the media’s tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour.In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence on voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader and is in part derived from the observation of 'Selective perception'-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable, it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, the core readership would disperse as would the revenue. Therefore, it is unlikely that the political alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence.The second theory is the agenda-setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it 'accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues'. However, it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue.The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable influence on voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be 'directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting'. Furthermore, it proposes that the press is capable of utilising 'value-laden terminology' to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that 'people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias'. While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remains a demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliament in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure.The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasing importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls. The nature of the 24-hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and Twitter-sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thoughts and opinions, due to time-pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely on sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image.In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda-setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive. However, it is certain that the media has a less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned to politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation.Q. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?a)With the coming of media, politics in Britain has become transparent.b)The media has only positive impacts on the political world.c)The media has detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus on democracy.d)The media has joined hands with the politicians in Britain.e)None of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? for Banking Exams 2025 is part of Banking Exams preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the Banking Exams exam syllabus. Information about Direction: Read the passage given below and then answer the question that follow. Some words may be underline for your attention. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970’s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda-setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-‘media barons’, which, when combined with the media’s tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour.In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence on voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader and is in part derived from the observation of 'Selective perception'-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable, it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, the core readership would disperse as would the revenue. Therefore, it is unlikely that the political alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence.The second theory is the agenda-setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it 'accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues'. However, it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue.The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable influence on voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be 'directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting'. Furthermore, it proposes that the press is capable of utilising 'value-laden terminology' to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that 'people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias'. While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remains a demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliament in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure.The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasing importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls. The nature of the 24-hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and Twitter-sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thoughts and opinions, due to time-pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely on sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image.In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda-setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive. However, it is certain that the media has a less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned to politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation.Q. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?a)With the coming of media, politics in Britain has become transparent.b)The media has only positive impacts on the political world.c)The media has detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus on democracy.d)The media has joined hands with the politicians in Britain.e)None of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for Banking Exams 2025 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Direction: Read the passage given below and then answer the question that follow. Some words may be underline for your attention. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970’s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda-setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-‘media barons’, which, when combined with the media’s tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour.In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence on voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader and is in part derived from the observation of 'Selective perception'-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable, it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, the core readership would disperse as would the revenue. Therefore, it is unlikely that the political alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence.The second theory is the agenda-setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it 'accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues'. However, it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue.The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable influence on voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be 'directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting'. Furthermore, it proposes that the press is capable of utilising 'value-laden terminology' to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that 'people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias'. While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remains a demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliament in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure.The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasing importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls. The nature of the 24-hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and Twitter-sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thoughts and opinions, due to time-pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely on sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image.In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda-setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive. However, it is certain that the media has a less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned to politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation.Q. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?a)With the coming of media, politics in Britain has become transparent.b)The media has only positive impacts on the political world.c)The media has detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus on democracy.d)The media has joined hands with the politicians in Britain.e)None of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Direction: Read the passage given below and then answer the question that follow. Some words may be underline for your attention. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970’s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda-setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-‘media barons’, which, when combined with the media’s tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour.In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence on voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader and is in part derived from the observation of 'Selective perception'-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable, it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, the core readership would disperse as would the revenue. Therefore, it is unlikely that the political alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence.The second theory is the agenda-setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it 'accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues'. However, it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue.The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable influence on voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be 'directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting'. Furthermore, it proposes that the press is capable of utilising 'value-laden terminology' to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that 'people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias'. While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remains a demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliament in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure.The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasing importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls. The nature of the 24-hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and Twitter-sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thoughts and opinions, due to time-pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely on sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image.In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda-setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive. However, it is certain that the media has a less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned to politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation.Q. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?a)With the coming of media, politics in Britain has become transparent.b)The media has only positive impacts on the political world.c)The media has detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus on democracy.d)The media has joined hands with the politicians in Britain.e)None of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for Banking Exams. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for Banking Exams Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Direction: Read the passage given below and then answer the question that follow. Some words may be underline for your attention. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970’s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda-setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-‘media barons’, which, when combined with the media’s tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour.In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence on voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader and is in part derived from the observation of 'Selective perception'-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable, it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, the core readership would disperse as would the revenue. Therefore, it is unlikely that the political alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence.The second theory is the agenda-setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it 'accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues'. However, it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue.The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable influence on voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be 'directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting'. Furthermore, it proposes that the press is capable of utilising 'value-laden terminology' to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that 'people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias'. While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remains a demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliament in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure.The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasing importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls. The nature of the 24-hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and Twitter-sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thoughts and opinions, due to time-pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely on sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image.In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda-setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive. However, it is certain that the media has a less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned to politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation.Q. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?a)With the coming of media, politics in Britain has become transparent.b)The media has only positive impacts on the political world.c)The media has detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus on democracy.d)The media has joined hands with the politicians in Britain.e)None of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Direction: Read the passage given below and then answer the question that follow. Some words may be underline for your attention. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970’s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda-setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-‘media barons’, which, when combined with the media’s tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour.In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence on voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader and is in part derived from the observation of 'Selective perception'-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable, it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, the core readership would disperse as would the revenue. Therefore, it is unlikely that the political alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence.The second theory is the agenda-setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it 'accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues'. However, it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue.The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable influence on voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be 'directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting'. Furthermore, it proposes that the press is capable of utilising 'value-laden terminology' to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that 'people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias'. While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remains a demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliament in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure.The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasing importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls. The nature of the 24-hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and Twitter-sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thoughts and opinions, due to time-pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely on sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image.In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda-setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive. However, it is certain that the media has a less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned to politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation.Q. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?a)With the coming of media, politics in Britain has become transparent.b)The media has only positive impacts on the political world.c)The media has detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus on democracy.d)The media has joined hands with the politicians in Britain.e)None of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Direction: Read the passage given below and then answer the question that follow. Some words may be underline for your attention. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970’s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda-setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-‘media barons’, which, when combined with the media’s tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour.In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence on voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader and is in part derived from the observation of 'Selective perception'-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable, it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, the core readership would disperse as would the revenue. Therefore, it is unlikely that the political alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence.The second theory is the agenda-setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it 'accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues'. However, it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue.The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable influence on voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be 'directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting'. Furthermore, it proposes that the press is capable of utilising 'value-laden terminology' to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that 'people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias'. While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remains a demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliament in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure.The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasing importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls. The nature of the 24-hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and Twitter-sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thoughts and opinions, due to time-pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely on sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image.In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda-setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive. However, it is certain that the media has a less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned to politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation.Q. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?a)With the coming of media, politics in Britain has become transparent.b)The media has only positive impacts on the political world.c)The media has detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus on democracy.d)The media has joined hands with the politicians in Britain.e)None of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Direction: Read the passage given below and then answer the question that follow. Some words may be underline for your attention. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970’s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda-setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-‘media barons’, which, when combined with the media’s tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour.In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence on voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader and is in part derived from the observation of 'Selective perception'-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable, it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, the core readership would disperse as would the revenue. Therefore, it is unlikely that the political alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence.The second theory is the agenda-setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it 'accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues'. However, it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue.The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable influence on voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be 'directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting'. Furthermore, it proposes that the press is capable of utilising 'value-laden terminology' to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that 'people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias'. While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remains a demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliament in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure.The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasing importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls. The nature of the 24-hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and Twitter-sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thoughts and opinions, due to time-pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely on sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image.In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda-setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive. However, it is certain that the media has a less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned to politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation.Q. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?a)With the coming of media, politics in Britain has become transparent.b)The media has only positive impacts on the political world.c)The media has detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus on democracy.d)The media has joined hands with the politicians in Britain.e)None of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Direction: Read the passage given below and then answer the question that follow. Some words may be underline for your attention. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970’s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda-setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-‘media barons’, which, when combined with the media’s tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour.In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence on voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader and is in part derived from the observation of 'Selective perception'-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable, it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, the core readership would disperse as would the revenue. Therefore, it is unlikely that the political alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence.The second theory is the agenda-setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it 'accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues'. However, it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue.The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable influence on voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be 'directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting'. Furthermore, it proposes that the press is capable of utilising 'value-laden terminology' to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that 'people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias'. While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remains a demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliament in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure.The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasing importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls. The nature of the 24-hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and Twitter-sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thoughts and opinions, due to time-pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely on sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image.In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda-setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive. However, it is certain that the media has a less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned to politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation.Q. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?a)With the coming of media, politics in Britain has become transparent.b)The media has only positive impacts on the political world.c)The media has detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus on democracy.d)The media has joined hands with the politicians in Britain.e)None of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice Banking Exams tests.