In a flip bucket (also known as ski-jump bucket) type energy disspator...
**Explanation:**
A flip bucket, also known as a ski-jump bucket, is a type of energy dissipator used in spillways to reduce the velocity and energy of the water flow. It consists of a curved surface that deflects the water jet upwards and creates a plunging flow downstream. The water then falls freely into the downstream channel.
The correct answer is option B - about 80% of the energy is imparted to the channel bed downstream of the spillway. This is because the primary purpose of a flip bucket is to dissipate the energy of the flowing water by causing it to plunge and interact with the downstream bed. Let's discuss this in more detail:
1. **Purpose of an energy dissipator**: The main objective of using an energy dissipator is to reduce the velocity and energy of the flowing water after it passes through a spillway. This helps to prevent erosion and scouring downstream, ensuring the stability of the channel bed and banks.
2. **Interaction with the channel bed**: In a flip bucket, the plunging flow of water interacts with the channel bed downstream of the spillway. This interaction causes the water to lose its energy and velocity gradually. The energy is dissipated through various mechanisms, including turbulence, wave breaking, and flow separation.
3. **Energy dissipation mechanisms**: When the water plunges into the downstream channel, it creates turbulence and wave action. These turbulent flows and wave-breaking actions cause energy dissipation by converting the kinetic energy of the water into heat and sound energy. Additionally, the flow separation and reattachment at the bed also contribute to energy loss.
4. **Efficiency of energy dissipation**: Flip buckets are designed to maximize the dissipation of energy. The curved shape of the bucket helps in deflecting the water jet upwards and creating a plunging flow. This plunging flow increases the interaction of the water with the channel bed, thereby enhancing energy dissipation. It is estimated that about 80% of the energy is imparted to the downstream bed in a flip bucket-type energy dissipator.
In summary, a flip bucket or ski-jump bucket is an effective energy dissipator that primarily imparts energy to the channel bed downstream of the spillway. The interaction of the water flow with the channel bed causes energy dissipation through various mechanisms such as turbulence, wave-breaking, and flow separation. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
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