Capitalization Rules in English Grammar

1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence:
- Always begin a sentence with a capital letter, regardless of the type of word it is.

2. Capitalize proper nouns:
- Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, organizations, and things.
- Capitalize the first letter of each word in a proper noun.
- Examples: John Smith, Paris, Google, Mount Everest.

3. Capitalize titles and honorifics:
- Capitalize titles that come before a person's name, such as Mr., Mrs., Dr., and Professor.
- Capitalize titles of books, movies, songs, and other artistic works.
- Examples: Dr. Johnson, Mrs. Anderson, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.

4. Capitalize days, months, and holidays:
- Capitalize the names of days of the week, months, and holidays.
- Examples: Monday, January, Christmas.

5. Capitalize geographical names:
- Capitalize the names of continents, countries, cities, rivers, mountains, and other geographical features.
- Examples: Africa, Canada, London, Nile River, Mount Kilimanjaro.

6. Capitalize historical events and periods:
- Capitalize the names of historical events, eras, and time periods.
- Examples: World War II, the Renaissance, the Middle Ages.

7. Capitalize the first word of a quotation:
- When quoting someone, capitalize the first word of the quotation.
- Example: She said, "Hello, how are you?"

8. Capitalize the pronoun "I":
- Always capitalize the pronoun "I" when referring to oneself.
- Example: I went to the store.

9. Capitalize proper adjectives:
- Proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns and should be capitalized.
- Example: Italian cuisine, Shakespearean play.

10. Do not capitalize common nouns:
- Common nouns, which refer to general people, places, things, or ideas, are not capitalized unless they begin a sentence.
- Examples: dog, table, love.

11. Do not capitalize articles, conjunctions, and prepositions:
- Articles (a, an, the), conjunctions (and, but, or), and prepositions (in, on, at) are not capitalized unless they begin a sentence.
- Examples: a book, and the movie, in the park.

Remember that these rules are general guidelines, and there may be exceptions in specific cases or styles of writing. It is always a good practice to consult a grammar guide or style manual for more specific rules and examples.