The soil matter formed by decayed organic matter is called ‘Humus’. It is mostly present in the ‘Top Soil’.

Humus
Humus is the soil matter formed by the decay of organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, and other materials. It is a dark, organic material that provides numerous benefits to soil health and fertility. Here are some key points to understand about humus:

Nutrient-rich
Humus is rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for plant growth. These nutrients are released slowly over time, providing a steady supply for plants to absorb.

Improves soil structure
Humus helps improve soil structure by binding particles together, creating aggregates that allow for better water infiltration and root growth. It also helps prevent soil erosion by holding soil in place.

Enhances water retention
Humus has a high water-holding capacity, which helps soil retain moisture and reduces the need for frequent watering. This is especially beneficial during dry periods when water availability is limited.

Promotes microbial activity
Humus provides a habitat for beneficial soil microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, which play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and plant health. These microorganisms break down organic matter further, releasing more nutrients for plants.
In conclusion, humus is a vital component of healthy soil that supports plant growth and overall soil fertility. Its presence in the soil is essential for sustaining agricultural productivity and ecosystem health.