The second order of nomadic empires refers to a set of empires that emerged in Central Asia and the Eurasian Steppe during the medieval period. These empires were characterized by their nomadic lifestyle and their ability to conquer and rule over vast territories. Here are some key features of the second order of nomadic empires:

1. Mongol Empire:
- The Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan in the 13th century, was the largest contiguous empire in history.
- It stretched from China in the east to Eastern Europe in the west, covering over 22% of the world's total land area.
- The Mongols were skilled horsemen and warriors who used their military tactics and strategies to conquer and control vast territories.
- They established a highly centralized administration, with a strong emphasis on trade and communication networks.

2. Timurid Empire:
- The Timurid Empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane) in the 14th century.
- It was centered in Central Asia and extended its influence into Persia, Mesopotamia, and India.
- The empire was known for its cultural and artistic achievements, as well as its military conquests.
- Timurid rulers were patrons of the arts and architecture, and their capital city of Samarkand became a center of learning and cultural exchange.

3. Ottoman Empire:
- The Ottoman Empire was founded in the late 13th century by Osman I and lasted until the early 20th century.
- It originated in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) and expanded its territories to include parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
- The empire had a highly centralized administration with a strong military and bureaucratic system.
- The Ottomans were known for their religious tolerance, as they allowed various religious and ethnic groups to coexist within their territories.

4. Safavid Empire:
- The Safavid Empire was founded in the 16th century in Persia (modern-day Iran) by Shah Ismail I.
- It became a major power in the region and established Shia Islam as the state religion.
- The empire had a highly centralized administration and implemented various reforms in areas such as education, trade, and agriculture.
- The Safavids were known for their patronage of the arts, particularly in the fields of architecture, painting, and literature.

Overall, the second order of nomadic empires was characterized by their military prowess, cultural achievements, and vast territorial control. These empires played a significant role in shaping the history and culture of the regions they ruled over.