Chapter 5: When People Rebel - 1857 and After

1. Introduction
The chapter focuses on the events surrounding the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence. It explores the causes, impact, and consequences of the rebellion that marked a turning point in the history of India.

2. Causes of the Rebellion
- Introduction to the Doctrine of Lapse and the annexation of princely states by the British East India Company.
- The introduction of the new Enfield rifle and the controversy over the greased cartridges.
- Discontent among sepoys due to low salaries, racial discrimination, and lack of promotions.
- The introduction of Western education and Christian missionaries, which threatened traditional Indian society and culture.
- The general feeling of resentment among the Indian population towards British rule.

3. Outbreak and Spread of the Rebellion
- The initial outbreak in Meerut and the subsequent spread to other regions.
- The involvement of sepoys, civilians, and various social groups in the rebellion.
- Key leaders and their contributions, including Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Kunwar Singh, and Nana Sahib.
- The siege of Delhi and the establishment of a rebel government.

4. Suppression of the Rebellion
- The British response and the deployment of additional troops.
- The brutal repression of rebels and civilians, including mass executions and destruction of property.
- The recapture of Delhi and the subsequent pacification of various regions.
- The impact of the rebellion on the British government's policies and administration in India.

5. Consequences of the Rebellion
- The end of the Mughal Empire and the assumption of direct British control over India.
- The British government's decision to end the rule of the East India Company and establish direct governance.
- The policy of divide and rule, which aimed to exploit existing divisions among Indians.
- The impact on Indian society, including changes in land ownership, administration, and economy.
- The rise of Indian nationalism and the eventual struggle for independence.

6. Conclusion
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a significant event in the history of India, marking a turning point in the struggle against British colonial rule. It highlighted the deep-seated grievances of the Indian population and laid the foundation for future nationalist movements. The rebellion also led to significant changes in British policies and administration in India, setting the stage for the eventual independence of the country.