The development process of a seed is called germination.
Here is a detailed explanation of the germination process:
1. Imbibition: The seed takes in water, causing it to swell and soften the seed coat.
2. Activation of enzymes: As water enters the seed, it triggers the activation of enzymes that break down stored nutrients in the endosperm or cotyledons.
3. Breakdown of stored nutrients: The stored nutrients, such as starch, proteins, and lipids, are broken down into simpler forms that can be used by the developing seedling.
4. Cell division and elongation: The cells in the embryo begin to divide rapidly, leading to the growth of the radicle (embryonic root) and plumule (embryonic shoot).
5. Emergence of the radicle: The radicle pushes through the seed coat and emerges from the seed, anchoring the seedling into the soil.
6. Development of the shoot: The plumule grows upward, breaking through the soil surface and developing leaves for photosynthesis.
7. Root development: The radicle grows longer and develops lateral roots, allowing the seedling to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
8. Establishment of photosynthesis: Once the leaves have fully developed, the seedling can carry out photosynthesis to produce its own food.
9. Growth and maturity: The seedling continues to grow and mature into a mature plant, producing flowers and fruits that contain seeds for reproduction.
Germination is a critical stage in the life cycle of a plant as it marks the transition from a dormant seed to an actively growing seedling. It requires the right conditions of moisture, temperature, and oxygen to occur successfully.