Introduction:
Before the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan had been largely isolated from the rest of the world for over two centuries under the Tokugawa shogunate. However, there were several major developments that set the stage for Japan's rapid modernization during the Meiji period.

The End of Sakoku Policy:
- Sakoku refers to Japan's policy of isolationism which was enforced by the shogunate.
- However, in the mid-19th century, external pressures from Western powers, particularly the United States, led to the opening of Japan's ports.
- The Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 marked the end of Sakoku and allowed for increased foreign trade and exchange.

Western Influence:
- With the opening of Japan's ports, Western influence began to flow into the country.
- Japanese officials were sent on missions to study Western political, economic, and military systems.
- This exposure to Western ideas and technologies provided a foundation for Japan's modernization efforts.

Industrialization:
- The Meiji government recognized the importance of industrialization in catching up with the Western powers.
- They established a number of government-sponsored industries, such as shipbuilding, textiles, and mining, to kickstart industrialization.
- The government also encouraged the adoption of Western technologies and techniques in various sectors.

Education Reforms:
- The Meiji government implemented significant reforms in the education sector.
- They established a modern education system based on Western models, with a focus on science, technology, and practical skills.
- This created a new generation of educated individuals who were instrumental in driving Japan's modernization.

Infrastructure Development:
- The Meiji government invested heavily in infrastructure development.
- They built a network of railways, roads, and telegraph lines to connect different parts of the country.
- This improved transportation and communication, facilitating economic growth and modernization.

Political Reforms:
- The Meiji government undertook major political reforms to centralize power and modernize the government.
- They abolished the feudal system, replacing it with a centralized bureaucracy.
- They also introduced a new constitution, modeled after European systems, which established a constitutional monarchy.

Conclusion:
The major developments before the Meiji Restoration, such as the end of the Sakoku policy, Western influence, industrialization, education reforms, infrastructure development, and political reforms, laid the foundation for Japan's rapid modernization. These changes allowed Japan to catch up with the Western powers and transform itself into a modern nation within a relatively short period of time.