The correct answer is option C) Steam engine.

Explanation:
The invention of the steam engine in the beginning of the 19th century introduced a new source of power. The steam engine was a revolutionary invention that transformed various industries and transportation systems. Let's explore the significance and impact of the steam engine in more detail.

1. The Steam Engine:
The steam engine is a machine that converts the thermal energy from steam into mechanical work. It was developed by James Watt in the 18th century and saw significant improvements and widespread use in the 19th century.

2. Industrial Revolution:
The steam engine played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century. This period witnessed a shift from manual labor to machine-based production. The steam engine provided a reliable and efficient source of power for factories, mines, and mills. It enabled the mechanization of various processes, leading to increased productivity and economic growth.

3. Transportation:
The steam engine revolutionized transportation systems as well. Prior to its invention, transportation relied on animal power or human labor. With the steam engine, steam-powered locomotives and steamboats were developed. These modes of transportation were faster, more efficient, and could carry heavier loads than traditional methods. The steam engine paved the way for the expansion of railways and the development of steam-powered ships, which greatly facilitated trade and transportation.

4. Impact on Society:
The steam engine had a profound impact on society. It led to the growth of cities and urbanization as industries and factories flourished. It created new job opportunities and transformed the way people lived and worked. The availability of steam engine-powered transportation made travel more accessible and affordable, connecting people and regions like never before.

5. Continued Influence:
While the steam engine has been largely replaced by more advanced technologies, its invention laid the foundation for future innovations. It was a key milestone in the development of power generation and the understanding of thermodynamics.

In conclusion, the invention of the steam engine in the beginning of the 19th century introduced a new source of power that revolutionized industries and transportation systems. Its impact during the Industrial Revolution and its continued influence on technology make it a pivotal invention in history.