- Dualisms Theory: According to J.H. Boecke's sociological dualisms theory, social systems or social styles can be characterized by three key characteristics:




- 1. Integration vs. Differentiation: One of the key characteristics is the balance between integration and differentiation within a social system. Integration refers to the cohesion and unity within the system, while differentiation refers to the diversity and specialization of roles and functions. A successful social system must strike a balance between these two elements to maintain stability and adaptability.




- 2. Stability vs. Change: Another important characteristic is the tension between stability and change. Social systems need to maintain a certain level of stability to ensure continuity and predictability. However, they also need to embrace change in order to evolve and respond to external pressures and challenges. Balancing stability and change is crucial for the long-term sustainability of a social system.




- 3. Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian: The third characteristic identified by Boecke is the dynamic between hierarchical and egalitarian structures within a social system. Hierarchical structures involve clear power dynamics and authority levels, while egalitarian structures emphasize equality and shared decision-making. Finding the right mix of hierarchical and egalitarian elements is essential for promoting fairness, accountability, and efficiency within a social system.