Carboxylic Acid Nomenclature
Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group (-COOH). They are named following specific rules to identify the parent structure and any substituent groups present. Here is a breakdown of how to name carboxylic acids in a systematic manner:

Identify the Parent Chain
- The parent chain is the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains the carboxyl group.
- The parent chain is named based on the number of carbon atoms it contains (e.g., methanoic acid for one carbon, ethanoic acid for two carbons, etc.).

Numbering the Chain
- The carbon atom of the carboxyl group is always assigned the number 1.
- If there are substituent groups present, they are numbered based on their position relative to the carboxyl group.

Name the Substituents
- Substituent groups are named using prefixes such as methyl, ethyl, etc.
- The substituents are listed in alphabetical order before the parent chain name.

Use Prefixes and Suffixes
- If there are multiple carboxyl groups present, prefixes like di-, tri-, etc., are used to indicate the number.
- The suffix "-oic acid" is added to the parent chain name to indicate that it is a carboxylic acid.
By following these rules, one can systematically name carboxylic acids based on their structure and substituent groups. This nomenclature system helps in accurately identifying and communicating the chemical composition of carboxylic acids in a clear and concise manner.