Contributions of Mesopotamian Civilization
The Mesopotamian civilization, often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization," made several groundbreaking contributions that laid the foundation for future societies. Here are some of their key innovations:

1. Writing System
- Cuneiform: Mesopotamians developed one of the earliest forms of writing known as cuneiform, which used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. This innovation facilitated record-keeping, communication, and the preservation of knowledge.
- Literature: The Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest known works of literature, emerged from this writing system, influencing storytelling traditions throughout history.

2. Mathematics and Astronomy
- Base-60 System: Mesopotamians introduced a sexagesimal (base-60) numeral system, which is the basis for our 60-minute hour and 360-degree circle.
- Astronomical Observations: They developed early astronomy, including the identification of planets and the lunar calendar, significantly impacting agriculture and religious practices.

3. Legal Codes
- Code of Hammurabi: One of the first written legal codes, it established laws and justice principles, influencing future legal systems and emphasizing the rule of law.

4. Urban Planning and Architecture
- Cities and Ziggurats: Mesopotamians built advanced cities with complex urban planning, including ziggurats, which served both religious and administrative purposes, showcasing architectural ingenuity.

5. Agriculture and Irrigation
- Irrigation Techniques: They developed sophisticated irrigation systems that transformed agriculture, allowing for surplus production and the growth of cities.
- Crops and Domestication: Key crops like barley and wheat were cultivated, and livestock were domesticated, shaping food systems for generations to come.
These contributions from the Mesopotamian civilization have had a profound and lasting impact on human history, influencing various aspects of modern society.