New Contributions of Mesopotamian Civilization
The Mesopotamian civilization, often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization," made numerous contributions that significantly impacted the world.

1. Writing System
- The invention of cuneiform, one of the earliest writing systems, facilitated record-keeping and communication.
- It laid the foundation for literature, legal codes, and historical documentation.

2. Mathematics
- Development of a base-60 numeral system, leading to the concept of 60 minutes in an hour and 360 degrees in a circle.
- Innovations in geometry and algebra, which influenced future mathematical theories.

3. Astronomy
- The Mesopotamians created a lunar calendar, which helped in agriculture and religious festivals.
- They made significant observations of celestial bodies, laying groundwork for modern astronomy.

4. Law Codes
- The Code of Hammurabi established one of the first written legal systems, emphasizing justice and order.
- Introduced the principle of "an eye for an eye," influencing legal systems worldwide.

5. Agriculture and Irrigation
- Advanced agricultural techniques, including the use of irrigation systems, improved crop yields.
- The domestication of plants and animals supported population growth and urbanization.

6. Urban Planning
- Creation of city-states like Ur and Babylon, showcasing early urban architecture and infrastructure.
- Development of ziggurats, which were monumental structures that represented religious and political power.
These contributions of Mesopotamia not only shaped their society but also laid the groundwork for future civilizations, making a lasting impact on the world.