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The least count of any measuring equipment is
a)the smallest reading on the instrument
b)the smallest range in any instrument
c)the smallest quantity that can be measured using that instrument
d)none of these
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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The least count of any measuring equipment isa)the smallest reading on...
The error in the measurement by an instrument is equal the instrument. 
For example, a meter scale has smallest division 1 mm. This represents the least count or the absolute error in the measurement. 
Let a length measured by the meter scale = 51.0 cm
This implies that x = 51.0 cm
Absolute error, 
 Δx = 1 mm = 0.1 cm 
Relative error, 
 Δx/ x =  0.1/ 51.0 

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The least count of any measuring equipment isa)the smallest reading on...
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count.
Measured values are good only up to this value. The least count error is the error associated with the resolution of the instrument.
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The least count of any measuring equipment isa)the smallest reading on...
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count[11 th physics(part -1) NCERT line.... page No.:24]
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Vernier calipers:Vernier calipers are used to measure the thickness of thin plates, diameters of small cylinders etc. It has two scales–one main scale and a Vernier scale, which slides along the main scale. The main scale and Vernier scale are divided into small divisions though of different magnitudes. The difference in the magnitude of one main scale division (M.S.D.) and one vernier scale division (V.S.D.) is called the least count of the instrument, as it is the smallest distance that can be measured using the instrument. It is also known as vernier constant. Least count may also be defined as:When the jaws of vernier calipers touch each other, the zero of the Vernier should coincide with the zero of the main scale. If it is not so, then the instrument is said to have zero error. Zero error may be positive or negative, depending upon whether the zero of the vernier scale lies to the right or to the left of the zero of the main scale.A vernier callipers has vernier divisions = 10 and least count = 0.2 mm. What is the smallest distance can measured by this instrument?

Vernier calipers:Vernier calipers are used to measure the thickness of thin plates, diameters of small cylinders etc. It has two scales–one main scale and a Vernier scale, which slides along the main scale. The main scale and Vernier scale are divided into small divisions though of different magnitudes. The difference in the magnitude of one main scale division (M.S.D.) and one vernier scale division (V.S.D.) is called the least count of the instrument, as it is the smallest distance that can be measured using the instrument. It is also known as vernier constant. Least count may also be defined as:When the jaws of vernier calipers touch each other, the zero of the Vernier should coincide with the zero of the main scale. If it is not so, then the instrument is said to have zero error. Zero error may be positive or negative, depending upon whether the zero of the vernier scale lies to the right or to the left of the zero of the main scale.The least count of the instrument when 1MSD = 0.1 cm and number of vernier scale division = 10 is

Attempt All sub parts from each question.Damping: When an analog instrument is used to measure a physical parameter, a deflecting torque is applied to the moving system which is deflected from its initial position and should move steadily to the deflected position. But due to inertia, the moving system keeps on oscillating about equilibrium. To remove the oscillation of the moving system a damping torque is required. The damping torque should be of such that the pointer quickly comes to its final steady position, without overshooting. If the instrument is underdamped, the moving system will oscillate about the final steady position with a decreasing amplitude and will take some time before it comes to rest. When the moving system moves rapidly but smoothly to its final steady position, the instrument is said to be critically damped or deadbeat. If the damping torque is more than what is required for critical damping, the instrument is said to be overdamped. In an overdamped instrument, the moving system moves slowly to its final steady position in a lethargic fashion.Methods of producing damping torque:(i) Air friction damping(ii) Fluid friction damping(iii) Eddy current dampingAir Friction Damping: A light piston is attached to the moving system. This piston moves in an air chamber closed at one end. When there is an oscillation, the piston moves in and out of the chamber. When the piston moves into the chamber, the air inside is compressed and an air pressure is built up which opposes the motion of the piston and thus the moving system faces a damping torque which ultimately reduces the oscillation. Fluid Friction Damping: In this type of damping oil is used in place of air. Viscosity of the oil being greater, the damping torque is also more. A disc is attached to the moving system which is completely dipped into the oil. When the moving system oscillates, the disc moves in oil and a frictional drag is produced. This frictional drag opposes the oscillation. Eddy Current Damping: The moving system is connected to an aluminium disc which rotates in a magnetic field. Rotation in magnetic field induces an emf in it and if the path is closed, a current (known as eddy current) flows. This current interacts with the magnetic field to produce an electromagnetic torque which opposes the motion. This torque is proportional to the oscillation of the moving system. This electromagnetic torque ultimately reduces the oscillation. Air friction damping provides a very simple and cheap method of damping. The disadvantages of fluid friction damping are that it can be used only for instruments which are in vertical position. Eddy current damping is the most efficient form of damping.Q. Damping is required to be provided to the moving part of measuring instrument

Attempt All sub parts from each question.Damping: When an analog instrument is used to measure a physical parameter, a deflecting torque is applied to the moving system which is deflected from its initial position and should move steadily to the deflected position. But due to inertia, the moving system keeps on oscillating about equilibrium. To remove the oscillation of the moving system a damping torque is required. The damping torque should be of such that the pointer quickly comes to its final steady position, without overshooting. If the instrument is underdamped, the moving system will oscillate about the final steady position with a decreasing amplitude and will take some time before it comes to rest. When the moving system moves rapidly but smoothly to its final steady position, the instrument is said to be critically damped or deadbeat. If the damping torque is more than what is required for critical damping, the instrument is said to be overdamped. In an overdamped instrument, the moving system moves slowly to its final steady position in a lethargic fashion.Methods of producing damping torque:(i) Air friction damping(ii) Fluid friction damping(iii) Eddy current dampingAir Friction Damping: A light piston is attached to the moving system. This piston moves in an air chamber closed at one end. When there is an oscillation, the piston moves in and out of the chamber. When the piston moves into the chamber, the air inside is compressed and an air pressure is built up which opposes the motion of the piston and thus the moving system faces a damping torque which ultimately reduces the oscillation. Fluid Friction Damping: In this type of damping oil is used in place of air. Viscosity of the oil being greater, the damping torque is also more. A disc is attached to the moving system which is completely dipped into the oil. When the moving system oscillates, the disc moves in oil and a frictional drag is produced. This frictional drag opposes the oscillation. Eddy Current Damping: The moving system is connected to an aluminium disc which rotates in a magnetic field. Rotation in magnetic field induces an emf in it and if the path is closed, a current (known as eddy current) flows. This current interacts with the magnetic field to produce an electromagnetic torque which opposes the motion. This torque is proportional to the oscillation of the moving system. This electromagnetic torque ultimately reduces the oscillation. Air friction damping provides a very simple and cheap method of damping. The disadvantages of fluid friction damping are that it can be used only for instruments which are in vertical position. Eddy current damping is the most efficient form of damping.Q. When the moving system of a measuring instrument moves rapidly but smoothly to its final steady position, the instrument is said to be

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The least count of any measuring equipment isa)the smallest reading on the instrumentb)the smallest range in any instrumentc)the smallest quantity that can be measured using that instrumentd)none of theseCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
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