Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earths climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer?

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Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.

1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.

2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.

3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.

4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.

5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.

Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer?

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Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to f...

Solution: The strongest link in this paragraph is that of 2-4.
Statement 2 talks about the human activity as the main reason for elevated levels of greenhouse gas and statement 4 refers to this attribution (by humans) of emission of gases, being clear for last 50 years.
Statement 3 is a good introduction to the paragraph - this is because it states the fact that earth's climate changes in response to certain factors. It can be followed by 2 which talks about one such factor. These three statements are followed by statements 5 and 1, as 5 talks about "other hypotheses" and 1 mentions one particular hypothesis. Hence, the correct answer is 32451.

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DIRECTIONSfor the question:Read the passage and answer the question based on it.The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently issued a report that said, “Greenhouse gas forcing has very likely (>90 percent) caused most of the observed global warming over the last 50 years.” Many climate doubters and global warming deniers have raised some serious questions about the 90 percent figure.Due to these doubts, government representatives were allowed to vote on and revise the IPCC summaries, no matter what the data said. As a direct result, China (think coal) and Saudi Arabia (oil) got to veto anything they didnt like. The United States (think do nothing) also had line-by-line veto power.. The deniers call this “politicized Science” and say that the IPCC summaries were just one big, exaggeration, when in fact the reverse is true. They are at most surely understated. It would be like giving a convicted thief a say over the wording of the laws that govern theft. You can bet the final text would go light on thievery. So goes the politicized UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. While politicized science (an oxymoron if there ever was on e) is watered down and conveniently misleading, the real science of global climate change is well understood, and its acceptance in the rigorous world of peer- reviewed science is all but universal. How does global warming work? Well, it can be explained in a simple way.Certain gases carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (N2O), methane,(CH4), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) of all kinds--act like blankets thrown across the globe. They trap heat near the earth’s surface. As atmospheric concentrations of these gases increase, the blanket thickens and global temperatures increase. Business, industry, and you and I and everyone else emit about nine billion tons of carbon into the air each year, including the effect, of deforestation. We do it when we start our cars. We do it when we turn on our lights or burn coal to run a generating station. The earth can capture and sequester about 3.7 billion tons of anthropogenic carbon per year. The difference between what we emit mid what the earth can absorb is 9.0 – 3.7 = 5.3 billion tons excess carbon per year. That 5.3 billion tons goes into the atmosphere and stays there, increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 by 2 or 3 parts per million each year. Unchecked that CO2 will rise and pass that red line that our best scientists believe is out there in the vicinity of 450 pm, which will induce a global average temperature change of two degrees Centigrade (3.8 Fahrenheit). .Also, the world’s oceans and forests are absorbing less of the CO2 released by human activity, adding to the faster rise in atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases. Deforestation is a two-edge sword, as sinks shrinks and CO2 releases from them increase. The ability of ocean to take up carbon decline with warming and acidification and CO2 in water yields carbonic acid, which also threatens any creature that makes a shell. Warming temperatures have prompted earlier springs in the far north and have caused plant species to spread farther into formerly, icy terrain. Meanwhile, summer sea ice in the Artic reached a record low this year. Through melting sea levels, larger expanses of blue Ocean reduce the earth’s albedo (its reflectivity), resulting in greater heat absorption. Also, as forests die and crop¬lands succumb to encroaching deserts, they too are taken of the board as carbon absorbers. As vast regions of tundra and permafrost warm melt they release enormous amount of methane - a greenhouse gas many times, more potent than simple carbon dioxide. Heres the takeaway message: Atmospheric concentrations will continue to increase until the gases we send into the air and the earth’s ability to absorb those gases come into balance.If we have to sum up the situation, we are emitting nearly three times as much greenhouse gases as the earth is able to absorb. It should be obvious from those numbers that we cannot avoid crossing those red lines by planting more trees, because there simply is not enough Land. We must reduce our fossil fuel use to reduce the billions of excess tons of carbon we belch into Air. The crisis-climate change-is very real. That is why we, in the developed nations, need to get our act together on this, to show some real leadership, and to seize insurmountable opportunities. But before we can preach the gospel to the world, we need to put our own house in order. We must turn a deaf ear to the voices assuring us, ‘Everything will be fine, don’t worry! It’s all under control!’ That’s the sort of fatal message that kept card players at the tilting tables in the grand salon of the Titanic. Denial is deadly.Q.Which of the following statements is false?

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James Lovelock defined Gaia as, a complex entity involving the Earths biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and soil; the totality constituting a feedback or cybernetic system which seeks an optimal physical and chemical environment for life on this planet.The theory was initially, according to Lovelock, a way to explain the fact that combinations of chemicals including oxygen and methane persist in stable concentrations in the atmosphere of the Earth. Lovelock suggested using such combinations detected in other planets atmospheres would be a relatively reliable and cheap way to detect life, which many biologists opposed at the time and since. Later other relationships such as the fact that sea creatures produce sulfur and iodine in approximately the quantities required by land creatures emerged and helped bolster the theory. Rather than invent many different theories to describe each such equilibrium, Lovelock dealt with them holistically, naming this selfregulating living system after the Greek goddess Gaia. The Gaia Hypothesis has since been supported by a number of scientific experiments and provided a number of useful predictions, and hence is properly referred to as the Gaia Theory.His initial hypothesis was that the biomass modifies the conditions on the planet to make conditions on the planet more hospitable - the Gaia Hypothesis properly defined this hospitality as a full homeostasis. Lovelocks initial hypothesis, accused of being teleological by his critics, was that the atmosphere is kept inhomeostasis by and for the biosphere. With his initial hypothesis, Lovelock claimed the existence of a global control system of surface temperature, atmosphere composition and ocean salinity. His arguments were -- the global surface temperature of the Earth has remained constant, despite an increase in the energy provided by the Sun; atmospheric composition remains constant, even though it should be unstable; and, ocean salinity is constant.Since life started on Earth, the energy provided by the Sun has increased by 25% to 30%; however the surface temperature of the planet has remained remarkably constant when measured on a global scale. Furthermore, he argued, the atmospheric composition of the Earth is constant. The Earths atmosphere currently consists of 79% nitrogen, 20.7% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide. Oxygen is the second most reactive element after fluorine, and should combine with gases and minerals of the Earths atmosphere and crust. Traces of methane should not exist, as methane is combustible in an oxygen atmosphere. This composition should be unstable, and its stability can only have been maintained with removal or production by living organisms.Ocean salinity has been constant at about 3.4% for a very long time. Salinity stability is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. Ocean salinity constancy was a long-standing mystery, because river salts should have raised the ocean salinity much higher than observed. Recently it was suggested that salinity may also be strongly influenced by seawater circulation through hot basaltic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on ocean spreading ridges. However, the composition of sea water is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes.Lovelock sees this as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The volcanoes produce CO2 in the atmosphere, CO2 participates in rock weathering as carbonic acid, itself accelerated by temperature and soil life, the dissolved CO2 is then used by the algae and released on the ocean floor. CO2 excess can be compensated by an increase of coccolithophoridelife, increasing the amount of CO2 locked in the ocean floor. Coccolithophorides increase the cloud cover, hence control the surface temperature, help cool the whole planet and favor precipitations which are necessary for terrestrial plants. For Lovelock and other Gaia scientists like Stephan Harding, coccolithophorides are one stage in a regulatory feedback loop. Lately the atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased and there is some evidence that concentrations of ocean algal blooms are also increasing.After initially being largely ignored by most scientists, (from 1969 until 1977), thereafter for a period, the initial Gaia hypothesis was ridiculed by a number of scientists, like Ford Doolittle, Dawkins and Gould. Lovelock has spoken how that by naming his theory after a Greek goddess, championed by many non scientists, the Gaia hypothesis was derided as some kind of neo-Pagan New Age religion. Lovelock seems to have accepted this criticism of some of his statements, and has worked hard to remove the taint of teleological purpose from his theories, stating Nowhere in our writings do we express the idea that planetary self-regulation is purposeful, or involves foresight or planning by the biota. - (Lovelock, J. E. 1990).In 1981, W. Ford Doolittle, in the CoEvolution Quarterly article Is Nature Motherly argued that there was nothing in the genome of individual organisms which could provide the feedback mechanisms Gaia theory proposed, and that therefore the Gaia hypothesis was an unscientific theory of a maternal type without any explanatory mechanism. In 1982 Richard Dawkins in his book The Extended Phenotype argued that organisms could not act in concert as this would require foresight and planning from them. Like Doolittle he rejected the possibility that feedback loops could stabilize the system. Dawkins claimed there was no way for evolution by natural selection to lead to altruism on a Global scale.Stephen Jay Gould criticised Gaia as merely a metaphorical description of Earth processes. He wanted to know the actual mechanisms by which self-regulating homeostasis was regulated. Lovelock scoffs at this criticism and argues that no one mechanism is responsible, that the connections between the various known mechanisms may never be known, that this is accepted in other fields of biology and ecology as a matter of course.Aside from clarifying his language and understanding of what is meant by a life form, Lovelock himself ascribes most of the criticism to a lack of understanding of non-linear mathematics by his critics, and a linearizing form of greedy reductionism in which all events have to be immediately ascribed to specific causes before the fact. One of the criteria of the empirical definition of life is its ability to replicate and pass on their genetic information to succeeding generations. Consequently, an argument against the idea that Gaia is a living organism is the fact that the planet is unable to reproduce.Lovelock, however, defines life as a self-preserving, self-similar system of feedback loops like Humberto Maturanas autopoiesis; as a self-similar system, life could be a cell as well as an organ embedded into a larger organism as well as an individual in a larger inter-dependent social context.Maturana and Lovelock changed this with the autopoiesis deductive definition which to them explains the phenomenon of life better. Reproduction becomes optional: bee swarms reproduce, while the biosphere has no need to. Lovelock himself states in the original Gaia book that even that is not true; given the possibilities, the biosphere may multiply in the future by colonizing other planets, as humankind may be the primer by which Gaia will reproduce. Humanitys exploration of space, its interest in colonizing and even terraforming other planets, lends some plausibility to the idea that Gaia might in effect be able to reproduce.Q. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

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Group QuestionThe passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.James Lovelock defined Gaia as, “a complex entity involving the Earths biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and soil; the totality constituting a feedback or cybernetic system which seeks an optimal physical and chemical environment for life on this planet”.The theory was initially, according to Lovelock, a way to explain the fact that combinations of chemicals including oxygen and methane persist in stable concentrations in the atmosphere of the Earth. Lovelock suggested using such combinations detected in other planets atmospheres would be a relatively reliable and cheap way to detect life, which many biologists opposed at the time and since. Later other relationships such as the fact that sea creatures produce sulfur and iodine in approximately the quantities required by land creatures emerged and helped bolster the theory. Rather than invent many different theories to describe each such equilibrium, Lovelock dealt with them holistically, naming this selfregulating living system after the Greek goddess Gaia. The Gaia Hypothesis has since been supported by a number of scientific experiments and provided a number of useful predictions, and hence is properly referred to as the Gaia Theory.His initial hypothesis was that the biomass modifies the conditions on the planet to make conditions on the planet more hospitable - the Gaia Hypothesis properly defined this "hospitality" as a full homeostasis. Lovelocks initial hypothesis, accused of being teleological by his critics, was that the atmosphere is kept inhomeostasis by and for the biosphere. With his initial hypothesis, Lovelock claimed the existence of a global control system of surface temperature, atmosphere composition and ocean salinity. His arguments were -- the global surface temperature of the Earth has remained constant, despite an increase in the energy provided by the Sun; atmospheric composition remains constant, even though it should be unstable; and, ocean salinity is constant.Since life started on Earth, the energy provided by the Sun has increased by 25% to 30%; however the surface temperature of the planet has remained remarkably constant when measured on a global scale. Furthermore, he argued, the atmospheric composition of the Earth is constant. The Earths atmosphere currently consists of 79% nitrogen, 20.7% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide. Oxygen is the second most reactive element after fluorine, and should combine with gases and minerals of the Earths atmosphere and crust. Traces of methane should not exist, as methane is combustible in an oxygen atmosphere. This composition should be unstable, and its stability can only have been maintained with removal or production by living organisms.Ocean salinity has been constant at about 3.4% for a very long time. Salinity stability is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. Ocean salinity constancy was a long-standing mystery, because river salts should have raised the ocean salinity much higher than observed. Recently it was suggested that salinity may also be strongly influenced by seawater circulation through hot basaltic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on ocean spreading ridges. However, the composition of sea water is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes.Lovelock sees this as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The volcanoes produce CO2 in the atmosphere, CO2 participates in rock weathering as carbonic acid, itself accelerated by temperature and soil life, the dissolved CO2 is then used by the algae and released on the ocean floor. CO2 excess can be compensated by an increase of coccolithophoridelife, increasing the amount of CO2 locked in the ocean floor. Coccolithophorides increase the cloud cover, hence control the surface temperature, help cool the whole planet and favor precipitations which are necessary for terrestrial plants. For Lovelock and other Gaia scientists like Stephan Harding, coccolithophorides are one stage in a regulatory feedback loop. Lately the atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased and there is some evidence that concentrations of ocean algal blooms are also increasing.After initially being largely ignored by most scientists, (from 1969 until 1977), thereafter for a period, the initial Gaia hypothesis was ridiculed by a number of scientists, like Ford Doolittle, Dawkins and Gould. Lovelock has spoken how that by naming his theory after a Greek goddess, championed by many non scientists, the Gaia hypothesis was derided as some kind of neo-Pagan New Age religion. Lovelock seems to have accepted this criticism of some of his statements, and has worked hard to remove the taint of teleological purpose from his theories, stating "Nowhere in our writings do we express the idea that planetary self-regulation is purposeful, or involves foresight or planning by the biota." - (Lovelock, J. E. 1990).In 1981, W. Ford Doolittle, in the CoEvolution Quarterly article "Is Nature Motherly" argued that there was nothing in the genome of individual organisms which could provide the feedback mechanisms Gaia theory proposed, and that therefore the Gaia hypothesis was an unscientific theory of a maternal type without any explanatory mechanism. In 1982 Richard Dawkins in his book The Extended Phenotype argued that organisms could not act in concert as this would require foresight and planning from them. Like Doolittle he rejected the possibility that feedback loops could stabilize the system. Dawkins claimed "there was no way for evolution by natural selection to lead to altruism on a Global scale".Stephen Jay Gould criticised Gaia as merely a metaphorical description of Earth processes. He wanted to know the actual mechanisms by which self-regulating homeostasis was regulated. Lovelock scoffs at this criticism and argues that no one mechanism is responsible, that the connections between the various known mechanisms may never be known, that this is accepted in other fields of biology and ecology as a matter of course.Aside from clarifying his language and understanding of what is meant by a life form, Lovelock himself ascribes most of the criticism to a lack of understanding of non-linear mathematics by his critics, and a linearizing form of greedy reductionism in which all events have to be immediately ascribed to specific causes before the fact. One of the criteria of the empirical definition of life is its ability to replicate and pass on their genetic information to succeeding generations. Consequently, an argument against the idea that Gaia is a "living" organism is the fact that the planet is unable to reproduce.Lovelock, however, defines life as a self-preserving, self-similar system of feedback loops like Humberto Maturanas autopoiesis; as a self-similar system, life could be a cell as well as an organ embedded into a larger organism as well as an individual in a larger inter-dependent social context.Maturana and Lovelock changed this with the autopoiesis deductive definition which to them explains the phenomenon of life better. Reproduction becomes optional: bee swarms reproduce, while the biosphere has no need to. Lovelock himself states in the original Gaia book that even that is not true; given the possibilities, the biosphere may multiply in the future by colonizing other planets, as humankind may be the primer by which Gaia will reproduce. Humanitys exploration of space, its interest in colonizing and even terraforming other planets, lends some plausibility to the idea that Gaia might in effect be able to reproduce.Q. Which of the following statements is not a feature of the Gaia hypothesis?

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James Lovelock defined Gaia as, a complex entity involving the Earths biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and soil; the totality constituting a feedback or cybernetic system which seeks an optimal physical and chemical environment for life on this planet.The theory was initially, according to Lovelock, a way to explain the fact that combinations of chemicals including oxygen and methane persist in stable concentrations in the atmosphere of the Earth. Lovelock suggested using such combinations detected in other planets atmospheres would be a relatively reliable and cheap way to detect life, which many biologists opposed at the time and since. Later other relationships such as the fact that sea creatures produce sulfur and iodine in approximately the quantities required by land creatures emerged and helped bolster the theory. Rather than invent many different theories to describe each such equilibrium, Lovelock dealt with them holistically, naming this selfregulating living system after the Greek goddess Gaia. The Gaia Hypothesis has since been supported by a number of scientific experiments and provided a number of useful predictions, and hence is properly referred to as the Gaia Theory.His initial hypothesis was that the biomass modifies the conditions on the planet to make conditions on the planet more hospitable - the Gaia Hypothesis properly defined this hospitality as a full homeostasis. Lovelocks initial hypothesis, accused of being teleological by his critics, was that the atmosphere is kept inhomeostasis by and for the biosphere. With his initial hypothesis, Lovelock claimed the existence of a global control system of surface temperature, atmosphere composition and ocean salinity. His arguments were -- the global surface temperature of the Earth has remained constant, despite an increase in the energy provided by the Sun; atmospheric composition remains constant, even though it should be unstable; and, ocean salinity is constant.Since life started on Earth, the energy provided by the Sun has increased by 25% to 30%; however the surface temperature of the planet has remained remarkably constant when measured on a global scale. Furthermore, he argued, the atmospheric composition of the Earth is constant. The Earths atmosphere currently consists of 79% nitrogen, 20.7% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide. Oxygen is the second most reactive element after fluorine, and should combine with gases and minerals of the Earths atmosphere and crust. Traces of methane should not exist, as methane is combustible in an oxygen atmosphere. This composition should be unstable, and its stability can only have been maintained with removal or production by living organisms.Ocean salinity has been constant at about 3.4% for a very long time. Salinity stability is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. Ocean salinity constancy was a long-standing mystery, because river salts should have raised the ocean salinity much higher than observed. Recently it was suggested that salinity may also be strongly influenced by seawater circulation through hot basaltic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on ocean spreading ridges. However, the composition of sea water is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes.Lovelock sees this as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The volcanoes produce CO2 in the atmosphere, CO2 participates in rock weathering as carbonic acid, itself accelerated by temperature and soil life, the dissolved CO2 is then used by the algae and released on the ocean floor. CO2 excess can be compensated by an increase of coccolithophoridelife, increasing the amount of CO2 locked in the ocean floor. Coccolithophorides increase the cloud cover, hence control the surface temperature, help cool the whole planet and favor precipitations which are necessary for terrestrial plants. For Lovelock and other Gaia scientists like Stephan Harding, coccolithophorides are one stage in a regulatory feedback loop. Lately the atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased and there is some evidence that concentrations of ocean algal blooms are also increasing.After initially being largely ignored by most scientists, (from 1969 until 1977), thereafter for a period, the initial Gaia hypothesis was ridiculed by a number of scientists, like Ford Doolittle, Dawkins and Gould. Lovelock has spoken how that by naming his theory after a Greek goddess, championed by many non scientists, the Gaia hypothesis was derided as some kind of neo-Pagan New Age religion. Lovelock seems to have accepted this criticism of some of his statements, and has worked hard to remove the taint of teleological purpose from his theories, stating Nowhere in our writings do we express the idea that planetary self-regulation is purposeful, or involves foresight or planning by the biota. - (Lovelock, J. E. 1990).In 1981, W. Ford Doolittle, in the Co Evolution Quarterly article Is Nature Motherly argued that there was nothing in the genome of individual organisms which could provide the feedback mechanisms Gaia theory proposed, and that therefore the Gaia hypothesis was an unscientific theory of a maternal type without any explanatory mechanism. In 1982 Richard Dawkins in his book The Extended Phenotype argued that organisms could not act in concert as this would require foresight and planning from them. Like Doolittle he rejected the possibility that feedback loops could stabilize the system. Dawkins claimed there was no way for evolution by natural selection to lead to altruism on a Global scale.Stephen Jay Gould criticised Gaia as merely a metaphorical description of Earth processes. He wanted to know the actual mechanisms by which self-regulating homeostasis was regulated. Lovelock scoffs at this criticism and argues that no one mechanism is responsible, that the connections between the various known mechanisms may never be known, that this is accepted in other fields of biology and ecology as a matter of course.Aside from clarifying his language and understanding of what is meant by a life form, Lovelock himself ascribes most of the criticism to a lack of understanding of non-linear mathematics by his critics, and a linearizing form of greedy reductionism in which all events have to be immediately ascribed to specific causes before the fact. One of the criteria of the empirical definition of life is its ability to replicate and pass on their genetic information to succeeding generations. Consequently, an argument against the idea that Gaia is a living organism is the fact that the planet is unable to reproduce.Lovelock, however, defines life as a self-preserving, self-similar system of feedback loops like Humberto Maturanas autopoiesis; as a self-similar system, life could be a cell as well as an organ embedded into a larger organism as well as an individual in a larger inter-dependent social context.Maturana and Lovelock changed this with the autopoiesis deductive definition which to them explains the phenomenon of life better. Reproduction becomes optional: bee swarms reproduce, while the biosphere has no need to. Lovelock himself states in the original Gaia book that even that is not true; given the possibilities, the biosphere may multiply in the future by colonizing other planets, as humankind may be the primer by which Gaia will reproduce. Humanitys exploration of space, its interest in colonizing and even terraforming other planets, lends some plausibility to the idea that Gaia might in effect be able to reproduce.Q. Each of the following statements is either (i) STATED (ii) IMPLIED or (iii) NEITHER STATED NOR IMPLIED in the passage. Study each statement and choose the correct combination from the given options.

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James Lovelock defined Gaia as, a complex entity involving the Earths biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and soil; the totality constituting a feedback or cybernetic system which seeks an optimal physical and chemical environment for life on this planet.The theory was initially, according to Lovelock, a way to explain the fact that combinations of chemicals including oxygen and methane persist in stable concentrations in the atmosphere of the Earth. Lovelock suggested using such combinations detected in other planets atmospheres would be a relatively reliable and cheap way to detect life, which many biologists opposed at the time and since. Later other relationships such as the fact that sea creatures produce sulfur and iodine in approximately the quantities required by land creatures emerged and helped bolster the theory. Rather than invent many different theories to describe each such equilibrium, Lovelock dealt with them holistically, naming this selfregulating living system after the Greek goddess Gaia. The Gaia Hypothesis has since been supported by a number of scientific experiments and provided a number of useful predictions, and hence is properly referred to as the Gaia Theory.His initial hypothesis was that the biomass modifies the conditions on the planet to make conditions on the planet more hospitable - the Gaia Hypothesis properly defined this hospitality as a full homeostasis. Lovelocks initial hypothesis, accused of being teleological by his critics, was that the atmosphere is kept inhomeostasis by and for the biosphere. With his initial hypothesis, Lovelock claimed the existence of a global control system of surface temperature, atmosphere composition and ocean salinity. His arguments were -- the global surface temperature of the Earth has remained constant, despite an increase in the energy provided by the Sun; atmospheric composition remains constant, even though it should be unstable; and, ocean salinity is constant.Since life started on Earth, the energy provided by the Sun has increased by 25% to 30%; however the surface temperature of the planet has remained remarkably constant when measured on a global scale. Furthermore, he argued, the atmospheric composition of the Earth is constant. The Earths atmosphere currently consists of 79% nitrogen, 20.7% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide. Oxygen is the second most reactive element after fluorine, and should combine with gases and minerals of the Earths atmosphere and crust. Traces of methane should not exist, as methane is combustible in an oxygen atmosphere. This composition should be unstable, and its stability can only have been maintained with removal or production by living organisms.Ocean salinity has been constant at about 3.4% for a very long time. Salinity stability is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. Ocean salinity constancy was a long-standing mystery, because river salts should have raised the ocean salinity much higher than observed. Recently it was suggested that salinity may also be strongly influenced by seawater circulation through hot basaltic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on ocean spreading ridges. However, the composition of sea water is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes.Lovelock sees this as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The volcanoes produce CO2 in the atmosphere, CO2 participates in rock weathering as carbonic acid, itself accelerated by temperature and soil life, the dissolved CO2 is then used by the algae and released on the ocean floor. CO2 excess can be compensated by an increase of coccolithophoridelife, increasing the amount of CO2 locked in the ocean floor. Coccolithophorides increase the cloud cover, hence control the surface temperature, help cool the whole planet and favor precipitations which are necessary for terrestrial plants. For Lovelock and other Gaia scientists like Stephan Harding, coccolithophorides are one stage in a regulatory feedback loop. Lately the atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased and there is some evidence that concentrations of ocean algal blooms are also increasing.After initially being largely ignored by most scientists, (from 1969 until 1977), thereafter for a period, the initial Gaia hypothesis was ridiculed by a number of scientists, like Ford Doolittle, Dawkins and Gould. Lovelock has spoken how that by naming his theory after a Greek goddess, championed by many non scientists, the Gaia hypothesis was derided as some kind of neo-Pagan New Age religion. Lovelock seems to have accepted this criticism of some of his statements, and has worked hard to remove the taint of teleological purpose from his theories, stating Nowhere in our writings do we express the idea that planetary self-regulation is purposeful, or involves foresight or planning by the biota. - (Lovelock, J. E. 1990).In 1981, W. Ford Doolittle, in the CoEvolution Quarterly article Is Nature Motherly argued that there was nothing in the genome of individual organisms which could provide the feedback mechanisms Gaia theory proposed, and that therefore the Gaia hypothesis was an unscientific theory of a maternal type without any explanatory mechanism. In 1982 Richard Dawkins in his book The Extended Phenotype argued that organisms could not act in concert as this would require foresight and planning from them. Like Doolittle he rejected the possibility that feedback loops could stabilize the system. Dawkins claimed there was no way for evolution by natural selection to lead to altruism on a Global scale.Stephen Jay Gould criticised Gaia as merely a metaphorical description of Earth processes. He wanted to know the actual mechanisms by which self-regulating homeostasis was regulated. Lovelock scoffs at this criticism and argues that no one mechanism is responsible, that the connections between the various known mechanisms may never be known, that this is accepted in other fields of biology and ecology as a matter of course.Aside from clarifying his language and understanding of what is meant by a life form, Lovelock himself ascribes most of the criticism to a lack of understanding of non-linear mathematics by his critics, and a linearizing form of greedy reductionism in which all events have to be immediately ascribed to specific causes before the fact. One of the criteria of the empirical definition of life is its ability to replicate and pass on their genetic information to succeeding generations. Consequently, an argument against the idea that Gaia is a living organism is the fact that the planet is unable to reproduce.Lovelock, however, defines life as a self-preserving, self-similar system of feedback loops like Humberto Maturanas autopoiesis; as a self-similar system, life could be a cell as well as an organ embedded into a larger organism as well as an individual in a larger inter-dependent social context.Maturana and Lovelock changed this with the autopoiesis deductive definition which to them explains the phenomenon of life better. Reproduction becomes optional: bee swarms reproduce, while the biosphere has no need to. Lovelock himself states in the original Gaia book that even that is not true; given the possibilities, the biosphere may multiply in the future by colonizing other planets, as humankind may be the primer by which Gaia will reproduce. Humanitys exploration of space, its interest in colonizing and even terraforming other planets, lends some plausibility to the idea that Gaia might in effect be able to reproduce.Q. In the context of this passage, the word teleological most nearly means

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Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer?

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Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer? for CAT 2024 is part of CAT preparation. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the CAT exam syllabus. Information about Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer? covers all topics & solutions for CAT 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer?.

Solutions for Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer? in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for CAT. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for CAT Exam by signing up for free.

Here you can find the meaning of Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer? defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides giving the explanation of Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer? has been provided alongside types of Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer? theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Arrange statements 1-5 given below in a logical sequence in order to form a coherent paragraph. Your answer will be the order of statement numbers that forms this logical sequence e.g. 23514.1. One of the hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of variations in solar activity.2. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific consensus identifies elevated levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main influence.3. The Earth's climate changes in response to external forces, including variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.4. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available.5. Some other hypotheses departing from the consensus view have been suggested to explain the observed increase in mean global temperature.Correct answer is '32451'. Can you explain this answer? tests, examples and also practice CAT tests.

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