Introduction:
Ultrasonic machines are used in material removal processes, such as cutting, drilling, and grinding. These machines require ultrasonic transducers, which are the key components responsible for generating the ultrasonic vibrations. Ultrasonic transducers work on different working principles, and one of these principles is the piezo-electric effect.

Piezo-electric Effect:
The piezo-electric effect is a phenomenon where certain materials can generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. This effect was discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880.

Working of Ultrasonic Transducers:
Ultrasonic transducers consist of a piezo-electric material sandwiched between two electrodes. When an alternating voltage is applied to the electrodes, the piezo-electric material undergoes deformation due to the alternating electric field. This deformation generates ultrasonic vibrations.

Explanation:
When an alternating voltage is applied to the electrodes of the ultrasonic transducer, the piezo-electric material experiences a change in shape. This change in shape is due to the expansion and contraction of the material in response to the applied electric field. As a result, the material generates ultrasonic vibrations.

The piezo-electric material used in ultrasonic transducers is typically a ceramic material, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT). This material exhibits the piezo-electric effect, which means it can convert electrical energy into mechanical vibrations and vice versa.

When the alternating voltage is applied to the electrodes, it creates an electric field within the piezo-electric material. This electric field causes the material to deform, resulting in the generation of ultrasonic vibrations. These vibrations can be used for various material removal processes, such as cutting, drilling, and grinding.

Advantages of Piezo-electric Transducers:
1. High efficiency: Piezo-electric transducers are highly efficient in converting electrical energy into mechanical vibrations.
2. Wide frequency range: These transducers can operate at a wide range of frequencies, making them suitable for various applications.
3. Fast response time: Piezo-electric transducers have a fast response time, allowing for quick and precise control of ultrasonic vibrations.
4. Compact size: These transducers can be made in small sizes, making them suitable for integration into different types of equipment.

Conclusion:
Ultrasonic transducers used in material removal processes work on the principle of the piezo-electric effect. The application of an alternating voltage to a piezo-electric material generates ultrasonic vibrations, which are utilized in various industrial processes. The piezo-electric effect offers advantages such as high efficiency, wide frequency range, fast response time, and compact size, making these transducers suitable for a wide range of applications.