Ionization, in chemistry and physics, any process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules are converted to electrically charged atoms or molecules (ions). Ionization is one of the principal ways that radiation, such as charged particles and X rays, transfers its energy to matter.


, ionization often occurs in a liquid solution. For example, neutral molecules of hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, react with similarly polar water molecules, H2O, to produce positive hydronium ions, H3O+, and negative chloride ions, Cl-; at the surface of a piece of metallic zinc in contact with an acidic solution, zinc atoms, Zn, lose electrons to hydrogen ions and become colourless zinc ions, Zn2+.




Ionization by collision occurs in gasesat low pressures when an electric current is passed through them. If the electrons constituting the current have sufficient energy (the ionization energy is different for each substance), they force other electrons out of the neutral gas molecules, producing ion pairs that individually consist of the resultant positive ion and detached negative electron. Negative ions are also formed as some of the electrons attach themselves to neutral gas molecules. Gases may also be ionized by intermolecular collisions at high temperatures.




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