Introduction:
Coal and Petroleum are two important natural resources that have been used by humans for various purposes. Understanding their properties, formation, and uses is essential for students to grasp the concepts covered in this chapter.

Key Points:
- **Formation of Coal:** Coal is formed from the remains of plants that were buried and subjected to high pressure and temperature over millions of years. It is a fossil fuel that is used for power generation and heating.
- **Types of Coal:** There are different types of coal based on their carbon content - lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. Each type has varying properties and uses.
- **Extraction of Coal:** Coal is extracted through mining processes like underground mining and surface mining. It is important to understand the environmental impact of coal mining.
- **Formation of Petroleum:** Petroleum is formed from the remains of tiny marine organisms that were buried and underwent heat and pressure over time. It is a non-renewable resource used for making fuels, plastics, and other products.
- **Refining of Petroleum:** Petroleum refining involves processes like distillation, cracking, and reforming to obtain various products like petrol, diesel, and gas.
- **Environmental Impact:** The burning of coal and petroleum releases harmful gases like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, contributing to air pollution and climate change. It is crucial to explore alternative sources of energy to reduce these impacts.

Conclusion:
Studying the properties and uses of coal and petroleum is vital for understanding the role of these resources in our daily lives and the need for sustainable energy solutions. This chapter provides valuable insights into the importance of conservation and environmental protection.

Components of coal gas please??