Indus Valley Civilization
The first civilization in India is the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), which thrived around 2500 BCE to 1900 BCE. It is one of the world's earliest urban cultures, notable for its advanced city planning and architecture.

Location
- The Indus Valley Civilization was primarily located in what is now Pakistan and northwest India.
- Major sites include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira.

Urban Planning
- Cities were meticulously planned with a grid pattern.
- Sophisticated drainage systems and wells showcased advanced engineering skills.
- Buildings were constructed using standardized fired bricks.

Economy
- The economy was largely agrarian, with evidence of wheat, barley, and cotton cultivation.
- Trade flourished with neighboring regions, including Mesopotamia, evidenced by seals and artifacts.

Social Structure
- The society is believed to have been relatively egalitarian, with a lack of ostentatious displays of wealth.
- Craftsmen and traders played significant roles in the economy, suggesting a complex social structure.

Writing System
- The civilization developed a script known as the Indus script, which remains undeciphered.
- Seals with inscriptions indicate a system of trade and possibly religious practices.

Decline
- The reasons for the decline around 1900 BCE are still debated, with theories including climate change, river shifts, and possible invasions.
- Despite its decline, the IVC laid foundational cultural elements that influenced later Indian civilizations.
This remarkable civilization remains a subject of fascination, revealing the sophistication of early human societies in the Indian subcontinent.

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