What promblem did shafting cultivatorsface under British rule ?

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For administrative and economic reasons, the British government tried settling the jhum or shifting cultivators. However, settled plough cultivation did not prove to be helpful to these jhum cultivators. They often suffered because their fields did not produce good yields.

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Heya

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For administrative British government triedsettling the jhum or shifting cultivators. However, settled ploughcultivation did not prove to be helpful to these jhum cultivators. They often suffered because their fields did not produce good yields.

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Under British rule shifting cultivators faced certain problem. British want them to be settled peasant. To increase revenue officials introduced land settlement. However, jhum cultivators faced problem of irrigation but they were protested and allowed to do shifting cultivation.

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For administrative and economic reasons, the British government tried settling the jhum or shifting cultivators. However, settled plough cultivation did not prove to be helpful to these jhum cultivators. They often suffered because their fields did not produce good yields. The new forest laws also affected the lives of the shifting cultivators. Shifting or jhum cultivation is usually done on small patches of land. Under the forest laws, the British extended their control over all forests and declared that forests were state property. Thus, the jhum cultivators were prevented from practising jhum cultivation freely. Many were forced to move to other areas in search of work and livelihood.

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Problems Faced by Shafting Cultivators under British Rule

Under British rule, the shafting cultivators in India faced numerous challenges and problems. These problems can be categorized into several key areas:

1. Economic Exploitation:
- British policies such as the Permanent Settlement System and the Zamindari System led to the exploitation of the shafting cultivators.
- The Permanent Settlement System imposed fixed land revenue on the cultivators, regardless of their actual agricultural output or economic conditions.
- The Zamindari System further worsened the situation as intermediaries, known as zamindars, were given the power to collect revenue from cultivators and often exploited them by imposing excessive taxes.

2. Land Tenure System:
- The introduction of the Ryotwari System by the British disrupted the traditional land tenure system in India.
- The Ryotwari System granted individual ownership of land to cultivators, but the lack of secure land rights made it easier for the British to dispossess the cultivators of their lands.
- Large-scale land acquisitions by the British for plantation agriculture and infrastructure development displaced many shafting cultivators from their lands, leading to loss of livelihoods and increased poverty.

3. Unequal Trade Policies:
- The British imposed unfair trade policies that heavily favored their own industries and goods, which had a negative impact on Indian agriculture.
- Cheap imports of British manufactured goods flooded the Indian market, making it difficult for local industries to compete and causing a decline in demand for Indian agricultural products.
- This led to a decrease in the prices of agricultural produce, resulting in reduced incomes for the shafting cultivators.

4. Lack of Infrastructure and Modernization:
- The British neglected the development of infrastructure in rural areas, such as irrigation systems and transportation networks, which hindered the productivity and growth of agriculture.
- The absence of modern agricultural techniques and technologies further limited the potential of shafting cultivators to improve their agricultural practices and increase yields.

5. Social and Political Marginalization:
- The British favored the landed elites and upper classes, leaving the shafting cultivators socially and politically marginalized.
- They were excluded from decision-making processes and had limited access to education, healthcare, and other basic services.
- This created a cycle of poverty and perpetuated the exploitation of shafting cultivators by the privileged classes.

Overall, the problems faced by shafting cultivators under British rule were characterized by economic exploitation, land dispossession, unequal trade policies, lack of infrastructure, and social and political marginalization. These challenges significantly hampered the livelihoods and well-being of the shafting cultivators, contributing to their socio-economic backwardness.

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