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The formation of micelles takes places above a particular temperature, called as:
  • a)
    CMC
  • b)
    Kraft temperature
  • c)
    Boiling point
  • d)
    Specific temperature
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
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The formation of micelles takes places above a particular temperature,...
Above this concentration only the surfactants form micelles and micelle formation takes place. To reach this concentration, a temperature is required which is called Critical Micelle temperature or Kraft temperature
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The formation of micelles takes places above a particular temperature,...
The Kraft Temperature and Formation of Micelles

Formation of Micelles
Micelles are formed when surfactant molecules, which have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail, aggregate in a solution. The hydrophilic head of the surfactant molecule dissolves in water while the hydrophobic tail remains outside the water. As the concentration of surfactant molecules increases, these molecules start to aggregate and form micelles.

Kraft Temperature
The Kraft temperature, also known as the critical micelle concentration (CMC), is the temperature at which the formation of micelles starts to take place. It is the minimum concentration of surfactant required to form micelles in a solution. When the temperature of the solution is increased above the Kraft temperature, the kinetic energy of the surfactant molecules increases, leading to the formation of micelles.

Significance of Kraft Temperature
The Kraft temperature is an important parameter in determining the effectiveness of surfactants in various applications. If the concentration of surfactants is below the Kraft temperature, then the surfactant molecules will not form micelles, and their effectiveness will be limited. On the other hand, if the concentration of surfactants is above the Kraft temperature, then the micelles will start to break down, leading to a decrease in the effectiveness of the surfactant.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Kraft temperature is the temperature at which the formation of micelles starts to take place. It is an important parameter in determining the effectiveness of surfactants in various applications. The concentration of surfactants should be above the Kraft temperature to ensure the formation of micelles and maximum effectiveness of the surfactant.
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Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:Super magnetThe term super magnet is a broad term and encompasses several families of rare-earth magnets that include seventeen elements in the periodic table; namely scandium, yttrium, and the fifteen lanthanides. These elements can be magnetized, but have Curie temperatures below room temperature. This means that in their pure form, their magnetism only appears at low temperatures. However, when they form compounds with transition metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt, etc. Curie temperature rises well above room temperature and they can be used effectively at higher temperatures as well. The main advantage they have over conventional magnets is that their greater strength allows for smaller, lighter magnets to be used. Super magnets are of two categories: (i) N eodymium magnet: These are made from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron. This material is currently the strongest known type of permanent magnet. It is typically used in the construction of head actuators in computer hard drives and has many electronic applications, such as electric motors, appliances, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (ii) Samarium-cobalt magnet: These are made from an alloy of samarium and cobalt. This second strongest type of rare Earth magnet is also used in electronic motors, turbo-machinery, and because of its high temperature range tolerance may also have many applications for space travel, such as cryogenics and heat resistant machinery. Rare-earth magnets are extremely brittle and also vulnerable to corrosion, so they are usually plated or coated to protect them from breaking, chipping, or crumbling into powder. Since super magnets are about 10 times stronger than ordinary magnets, safe distance should be maintained otherwise these may damage mechanical watch, CRT monitor, pacemaker, credit cards, magnetically stored media etc.These types of magnets are hazardous for health also. The greater force exerted by rare-earth magnets creates hazards that are not seen with other types of magnet. Magnets larger than a few centimeters are strong enough to cause injuries to body parts pinched between two magnets or a magnet and a metal surface, even causing broken bones. Neodymium permanent magnets lose their magnetism 5% every 100 years. So, in the truest sense Neodymium magnets may be considered as a permanent magnet.Curie point of pure rare Earth elements is

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:Super magnet The term super magnet is a broad term and encompasses several families of rare-earth magnets that include seventeen elements in the periodic table; namely scandium, yttrium, and the fifteen lanthanides. These elements can be magnetized, but have Curie temperatures below room temperature. This means that in their pure form, their magnetism only appears at low temperatures. However, when they form compounds with transition metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt, etc. Curie temperature rises well above room temperature and they can be used effectively at higher temperatures as well. The main advantage they have over conventional magnets is that their greater strength allows for smaller, lighter magnets to be used. Super magnets are of two categories: (i) Neodymium magnet: These are made from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron. This material is currently the strongest known type of permanent magnet. It is typically used in the construction of head actuators in computer hard drives and has many electronic applications, such as electric motors, appliances, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (ii) Samarium-cobalt magnet: These are made from an alloy of samarium and cobalt. This second strongest type of rare Earth magnet is also used in electronic motors, turbo-machinery, and because of its high temperature range tolerance may also have many applications for space travel, such as cryogenics and heat resistant machinery. Rare-earth magnets are extremely brittle and also vulnerable to corrosion, so they are usually plated or coated to protect them from breaking, chipping, or crumbling into powder. Since super magnets are about 10 times stronger than ordinary magnets, safe distance should be maintained otherwise these may damage mechanical watch, CRT monitor, pacemaker, credit cards, magnetically stored media etc. These types of magnets are hazardous for health also. The greater force exerted by rare-earth magnets creates hazards that are not seen with other types of magnet. Magnets larger than a few centimeters are strong enough to cause injuries to body parts pinched between two magnets or a magnet and a metal surface, even causing broken bones. Neodymium permanent magnets lose their magnetism 5% every 100 years. So, in the truest sense Neodymium magnets may be considered as a permanent magnet.Super magnets are about _____ time stronger than ordinary magnets.

The formation of micelles takes places above a particular temperature, called as:a)CMCb)Kraft temperaturec)Boiling pointd)Specific temperatureCorrect answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
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