Three pastorallised and nomadic communities of Madras Presidency:

1. Kurumbas:
The Kurumbas were one of the pastorallised and nomadic communities of the Madras Presidency. They were traditionally forest-dwelling communities that inhabited the Nilgiri Hills and the surrounding regions. The Kurumbas relied on a combination of pastoralism, hunting, gathering, and shifting cultivation for their livelihood. They moved across the forests in search of food and resources, living in temporary huts made of bamboo and leaves.

2. Todas:
The Todas were another community in the Madras Presidency that had a pastorallised and nomadic lifestyle. They primarily resided in the Nilgiri Hills and were known for their unique culture and pastoral economy. The Todas practiced transhumance, which involved seasonal movements with their herds of cattle between different grazing grounds. They lived in distinctive barrel-shaped huts called "munds" and relied on dairy products for sustenance.

3. Lambadis:
The Lambadis, also known as Banjaras, were a nomadic community living in the Madras Presidency. Originally from Rajasthan, they migrated to various parts of South India, including the Madras Presidency. The Lambadis were traditionally involved in transporting goods using bullock carts and were skilled in handicrafts like embroidery, mirror work, and leatherwork. They moved from one place to another in search of trade opportunities and settled temporarily in forested areas.

Forest Society and Colonialism - Short Answer Type Questions:

1. How did colonialism impact forest societies?
Colonialism had a significant impact on forest societies. The British colonial rule in India led to the transformation of forest areas, which were traditionally inhabited by forest-dependent communities. The British introduced new laws and policies regarding land ownership, forest management, and revenue collection. These policies often disregarded the customary rights and practices of forest societies, leading to their displacement and marginalization.

2. What were the consequences of forest policies on pastoral communities?
The forest policies implemented by the colonial administration often restricted the access of pastoral communities to grazing lands and water sources. This resulted in the loss of traditional grazing routes and forced the communities to change their nomadic lifestyles. Pastoral communities faced difficulties in sustaining their herds and maintaining their livelihoods. Many were forced to settle in specific locations, leading to the loss of their cultural practices and identity.

3. How did forest societies resist colonial interventions?
Forest societies often resisted colonial interventions through various means. They used their traditional knowledge of the forests and mobilized collective action to protect their rights. Forest communities formed associations and fought legal battles to reclaim their customary rights over land and resources. They also engaged in protests, boycotts, and other forms of resistance to challenge the oppressive forest policies and assert their autonomy.

4. What were the challenges faced by forest societies under colonial rule?
Forest societies faced numerous challenges under colonial rule. They experienced dispossession of their lands and resources, loss of cultural practices, and forced assimilation into mainstream society. The imposition of new economic systems disrupted their traditional livelihoods, leading to poverty and marginalization. Additionally, forest communities often faced violence and exploitation from colonial authorities and encroaching settlers, further exacerbating their struggles.

5. Did colonial

Korava , Karacha and Yerukala were the pastoral communities of the Madras Presidency.