Changes in the Army during this time:

1. Introduction: During the period of new empires and kingdoms, there were several changes that occurred in the army. These changes were a result of advancements in military technology, changes in warfare strategies, and the need to maintain and expand territorial control.

2. Expansion and Centralization: Many empires and kingdoms during this time sought to expand their territories and centralize their power. This led to the need for larger and more efficient armies. The armies were no longer just made up of local warriors but also included soldiers from conquered territories.

3. Professionalization of the Army: The armies of this time became more professionalized. Soldiers were trained and equipped with better weapons and armor. They were organized into various units, such as infantry, cavalry, and archers, each with specific roles and responsibilities.

4. Improved Weapons and Armor: There were significant advancements in weapons and armor during this period. Iron weapons replaced bronze weapons, as iron was more readily available and stronger. Bows and arrows were widely used, and improvements were made in their design and effectiveness. Soldiers also wore improved armor, such as chainmail and helmets, for better protection in battle.

5. Introduction of Elephants: Elephants played a crucial role in many armies during this time. They were used as living tanks, carrying soldiers and acting as a mobile platform for archers. Elephants were particularly effective in battle due to their size, strength, and fear factor.

6. Changes in Warfare Strategies: Warfare strategies also underwent changes during this period. Armies started to focus on siege warfare, using tactics to breach fortified walls and capture cities. The use of cavalry became more prominent, allowing for faster and more mobile attacks. Additionally, strategies involving deception and ambushes were employed to gain an advantage over the enemy.

7. Improved Communication and Logistics: With the expansion of empires and kingdoms, there was a need for efficient communication and logistics. Armies had to be able to coordinate their movements and supplies effectively. This led to the development of systems for relaying messages, building roads, and establishing supply lines to support the army.

8. Conclusion: The changes in the army during this time were driven by the need to maintain and expand territorial control. Advancements in military technology, changes in warfare strategies, and the professionalization of the army all contributed to the evolution of armies during this period. These changes helped shape the military power and dominance of the empires and kingdoms of that time.