Railway Sleepers in NCERT 9 History
Railway sleepers play a crucial role in the construction and functioning of railways. In the NCERT Class 9 History textbook, railway sleepers are mentioned in the context of the development of railways in India during the British colonial period.

Definition of Railway Sleepers
Railway sleepers are rectangular support beams laid horizontally underneath railway tracks. They are used to support the rails and distribute the load of the trains passing over them.

Importance of Railway Sleepers
- Railway sleepers provide stability to the railway tracks and ensure a smooth passage for trains.
- They help in maintaining the gauge (distance between rails) of the track, preventing derailments.
- Railway sleepers also absorb the vibrations caused by moving trains, reducing noise pollution and ensuring passenger comfort.

Types of Railway Sleepers
- Wooden Sleepers: Traditionally, railway sleepers were made of wood. They were durable and provided good support to the tracks.
- Concrete Sleepers: In modern railway construction, concrete sleepers are widely used due to their strength and longevity.
- Steel Sleepers: Steel sleepers are also used in some railway networks for their durability and resistance to corrosion.

Role in Indian Railway Development
During the British colonial period, railway sleepers were crucial in the construction of the vast railway network in India. They facilitated the movement of goods and people across the country, transforming the economy and society.
In conclusion, railway sleepers are an essential component of railway infrastructure, providing support and stability to the tracks. Their development and usage have played a significant role in the history of railways in India and worldwide.