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In kolbe’s electrolytic synthesis the pOH of solution will be
  • a)
    decreases
  • b)
    Increases
  • c)
    Constant
  • d)
    None of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
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In kolbe’s electrolytic synthesis the pOH of solution will bea)d...
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In kolbe’s electrolytic synthesis the pOH of solution will bea)d...
The correct answer is option 'A', i.e., the pOH of the solution will decrease in Kolbe's electrolytic synthesis. Let's understand why this is the case:

Kolbe's electrolytic synthesis is a process used to prepare alkanes from carboxylic acids by electrolysis. It involves the electrolysis of a concentrated solution of a carboxylic acid using an inert electrode, such as platinum.

During the electrolysis process, the carboxylic acid molecules are oxidized at the anode, while hydrogen gas is evolved at the cathode. The overall reaction can be represented as follows:

2R-COOH → R-R + 2CO2 + 2H2O

Here, R represents the alkyl group.

Now, let's analyze the changes in the solution during Kolbe's electrolytic synthesis and how they affect the pOH of the solution:

1. Increase in pH:
During the electrolysis, carboxylic acids are oxidized at the anode to form carbon dioxide gas and water. As a result, the concentration of carboxylic acid decreases in the solution, leading to a decrease in the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). This decrease in hydronium ion concentration causes an increase in the pH of the solution.

2. Decrease in pOH:
pOH is the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration (OH-) in a solution. Since the concentration of hydronium ions decreases during Kolbe's electrolytic synthesis, the concentration of hydroxide ions increases. As a result, the pOH of the solution decreases.

3. Formation of alkanes:
The carboxylic acids are reduced at the cathode to form alkanes. This reduction process consumes hydronium ions from the solution, further reducing their concentration. Therefore, the pH of the solution increases, leading to a decrease in pOH.

In summary, during Kolbe's electrolytic synthesis, the concentration of hydronium ions decreases, leading to an increase in pH and a decrease in pOH. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A', i.e., the pOH of the solution will decrease.
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Attempt All sub parts from each question.Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid: Viscosity is the physical property that characterizes the flow resistance of simple fluids. Newton’s law of viscosity defines the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate of a fluid subjected to a mechanical stress. The ratio of shear stress to shear rate is a constant, for a given temperature and pressure, and is defined as the viscosity or coefficient of viscosity. Newtonian fluids obey Newton’s law of viscosity. The viscosity is independent of the shear rate. Example: air, water, alcohol etc. Non-Newtonian fluids do not follow Newton’s law thus, their viscosity (ratio of shear stress to shear rat e) is not constant and is dependent on the shear rate. Example: honey, ketchup etc. Non-Newtonian fluids can be categorized into four types based on the way a fluid’s viscosity changes in response to variations in shear rate.• Pseudoplastic: Materials whose viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases. This type of flow behavior is sometimes called shear thinning. Example: Cake batter, agar-agar and fruit juice concentrates, nail polish etc.• Dilatant: M aterials whose viscosity increases as the shear rate increases. This type of behavior is sometimes called shear-thickening. Example: Suspension of corn starch in water and candy compounds etc..• Thixotropic: M aterials whose viscosity decreases when sheared at a constant rate over time. Example: Yogurt, gelatin gel, honey etc.• Rheopectic: M aterials whose viscosity increases when sheared at a constant rate over time. Example: Printer ink, gypsum paste etc.Q. Viscosity of thixotropic non-Newtonian fluid

Attempt All sub parts from each question.Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid: Viscosity is the physical property that characterizes the flow resistance of simple fluids. Newton’s law of viscosity defines the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate of a fluid subjected to a mechanical stress. The ratio of shear stress to shear rate is a constant, for a given temperature and pressure, and is defined as the viscosity or coefficient of viscosity. Newtonian fluids obey Newton’s law of viscosity. The viscosity is independent of the shear rate. Example: air, water, alcohol etc. Non-Newtonian fluids do not follow Newton’s law thus, their viscosity (ratio of shear stress to shear rat e) is not constant and is dependent on the shear rate. Example: honey, ketchup etc. Non-Newtonian fluids can be categorized into four types based on the way a fluid’s viscosity changes in response to variations in shear rate.• Pseudoplastic: Materials whose viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases. This type of flow behavior is sometimes called shear thinning. Example: Cake batter, agar-agar and fruit juice concentrates, nail polish etc.• Dilatant: M aterials whose viscosity increases as the shear rate increases. This type of behavior is sometimes called shear-thickening. Example: Suspension of corn starch in water and candy compounds etc..• Thixotropic: M aterials whose viscosity decreases when sheared at a constant rate over time. Example: Yogurt, gelatin gel, honey etc.• Rheopectic: M aterials whose viscosity increases when sheared at a constant rate over time. Example: Printer ink, gypsum paste etc.Q. Viscosity of pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid

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In kolbe’s electrolytic synthesis the pOH of solution will bea)decreasesb)Increasesc)Constantd)None of theseCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
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