In biology and ecology abiotic factors are known as non living factors.

Abiotic factors:

Abiotic factors are the non-living components of an ecosystem that have a significant impact on the organisms living within it. These factors play a crucial role in shaping the structure and function of ecosystems and determining the distribution and abundance of organisms. Abiotic factors can be physical or chemical in nature and are often interrelated, creating complex interactions within ecosystems.

Physical abiotic factors:

1. Temperature: The temperature of an environment influences the metabolic rates and physiological processes of organisms. Different organisms have different temperature ranges within which they can survive and thrive.

2. Light: Light availability and intensity affect photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Light also influences the behavior, reproductive patterns, and migration of organisms.

3. Water: The availability of water is essential for the survival of all organisms. It affects various biological processes such as hydration, nutrient uptake, and metabolic reactions. Different organisms have different water requirements.

4. Atmospheric conditions: Factors such as humidity, wind, and air pressure influence the distribution and behavior of organisms. High humidity can affect the ability of organisms to evaporate water from their bodies, while strong winds can impact their ability to move or find shelter.

Chemical abiotic factors:

1. Soil composition: The chemical composition of soil, including its pH, nutrient content, and organic matter, affects the growth and development of plants. It also influences the types of organisms that can survive in the soil.

2. Atmospheric gases: The concentration of gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in the atmosphere can directly influence the respiratory processes of organisms. Changes in atmospheric gas concentrations can have significant impacts on the survival and behavior of organisms.

3. Water chemistry: The chemical composition of water bodies, including factors such as salinity, pH, and nutrient levels, can affect the organisms living in them. Different organisms have different tolerances to specific water chemistry conditions.

4. Toxic substances: The presence of toxic substances, such as pollutants or heavy metals, can have detrimental effects on organisms. They can disrupt physiological processes, impair reproduction, and even cause death.

Interactions and adaptations:

Abiotic factors are interconnected and influence each other, creating complex ecological interactions. Organisms have evolved various adaptations to cope with specific abiotic conditions. For example, desert plants often have extensive root systems to access water deep within the soil, while Arctic animals have thick fur and layers of fat for insulation.

Understanding abiotic factors is essential for studying and managing ecosystems. By monitoring and assessing these factors, scientists can make informed decisions about conservation efforts, resource management, and understanding the impacts of climate change.