Hyaline membrane disease a disorder of newborns, typically preterm, characterized by the formation of a hyalinlike membrane lining the terminal respiratory passages. Newborns with this disease do not secrete adequate quantities of surfactant, which is secreted by the epithelium of the alveoli and normally decreases the surface tension of the fluids lining the alveoli and bronchioles so that air can pass through the fluids and into the alveoli. If the surface tension is not kept low by adequate supplies of surfactant, the alveoli cannot fill with air and there is partial or complete collapse of the lung (atelectasis). Thus the newborn with hyaline membrane disease suffers from respiratory insufficiency with severe dyspnea and cyanosis. The condition is treated with surfactant instillation, oxygen, and positive pressure. See also respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn.