2. Deficiency Diseases, Biology, Science, Civil Services Examination | RAS RPSC Prelims Preparation - Notes, Study Material & Tests - RPSC RAS (Rajasthan) PDF Download

Deficiency Diseases

Names

Disease

Comments

Vitamin A

Xerophtalmia

Lachrimal glands stop producing tears leading to blindness.

(retinol)

Dermatosis

Thiamine

Beri Beri

Extreme weakness, swelling, pain in legs, loss of appetite,

(Vitamin B₁)

enlarged heart, headache & shortness of breath

Riboflavin

Ariboflavinosis

Blurred vision, burning of the eye & tongue, cracking of skin

(Vitamin B₂)

at angle of mouth

Niacin

Pellagra

Tip & lateral margins of tongue, mouth & gums become red,

(Nicotinamide)

swollen & develop ulcers

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆)

Pantothenic Acid

Biotin

Cobalamin

Perinicious  or

Reduction of Haemoglobin due to disturbance in formation of

(Vitamin B₁₂)

Megaloblastic

RBC.

Anemia

Folic Acid

Vitamin C

Scurvy

Pain in joints, loss of weight, gums become spongy & bleed.

(Ascorbic acid)

Teeth loose & fragile.

Vitamin D

Rickets

Occurs in Children. Softness & deformities of bones.

(cholecalciferol)

Osteomalacia

Bones susceptible to fracture.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)

Potassium

Hypokalemia

Rise in heart beat rate. Kidney damage.

Sodium

Hyponatremia

Low blood pressure.

Proteins

Kwashiorkar

Potbelly due to retention of water by the cells (Oedema).

Diseases Caused By Microorganisms

Virus

Bacteria

Protozoas

Fungi

Worms

Small Pox

Sore throat

Malaria

Ringworm

Taeniasis

Chicken Pox

Diptheria

Amoebic dysentry

Athlete’s Foot

Schistosomiasis

Common Cold

Pneumonia

Trypanosomiasis

Madura Toot

Bilharziasis

Influenza/Flu

Tuberculosis

Oriental Sore

Dhobie Itch

Ancylostormiasis

Measles

Plague

Kala Azar

Hook Worm

Mumps

Tetanus

Giardiasis or

Ascariasis

Encephalitis

Typhoid

Diarrhoea

Enterobiasis

Poliomyelitus

Cholera

Vaginitis

Pinworm disease

Rabies

Bacillary Dysentry

Filariasis

Dengue

Whooping Cough

Elephantiasis

Herpes

Gonorrhea

AIDS

Leprosy

Botulism

Trpanosomiasis is also known as sleeping sickness (tse-tse fly).

Taeniasis is transmitted through eating pork.

Genetic Diseases

1.

Albinism

Absence of pigment melanin in the skin. Cause by a recessive gene

that blocks the conversion of amino acid tyrosine to melanin.

2.

Cri-du-chat syndrome

Caused by deformity of chromosome 5. Infants cry like mewing of

cat, small head.

3.

Cystic Fibrosis

Results  because  of  recessive  autosomal  gene.  Cause  abnormal

pancreatic functions & generally leads to early death

4.

Down Syndrome

Also called Mongolism. Chromosome 21 occurs in triplicate (trisomy)

rather than duplicate. Affected individuals carry 47 chromosomes are

greatly retard mentally & physically.

5.

Edwards Syndrome

Trisomy of chromosome 18. Infants die before 6 months.

6.

Fabry’s Disease

Caused  by  recessive  X-linked  gene  that  affects  metabolism  of

glycosphingolipids. These lipids deposit in hear, kidneys & eyes.

7.

Galactosemia

Recessive autosomal gene causes defect in the enzyme utilizing the

sugar galactose. Causes high level of galactose leading to cataracts &

brain damage.

8.

Haemophilia

Sex linked recessive gene. Bleeding can be stopped by injecting a

protein (factor VIII)

9.

Huntington’s Disease

Caused  by  dominant  autosomal  gene  which  leads  to  progressive

deterioration of the nervous system. Develops at an age of 30 to 40

years causing loss of control of limbs.

10.

Klinefelter Syndrome

Improper  development  of  testes  due  to  addition  X  chromosome

(XXY). Permanent sterility.

11.

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

Sex  linked  recessive  trait  resulting  into  the  development  of

involuntary movements, mental retardation & kidney damage.

12.

Marfan Syndrome

Autosomal  dominant  resulting  in  abnormalities  of  body  parts

especially eyes & fingers.

13.

Muscular Dystrophy

Sex  linked  recessive  disease  developing  during  1-6  years.  Patient

becomes confined to wheel chair by 12 year of age. People die before

20.

14.

Patau Syndrome

Trisomy of chromosome 13. Die within 3 months of birth.

15.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Recessive autosomal gene results into lack of an enzyme essential for

the metabolism of amino acid phenylalanine. As a result the amino

acid accumulates in the brain causing damage. It detected soon it can

be prevented by feeding the child on low Phenylalanine.

16.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Caused by abnormal haemoglobin molecule due to recessive gene in

homozygous condition resulting in sickling of RBCs.

17.

Tay Sachs Disease

Caused by autosomal recessive gene. Leads to progressive mental

degradation resulting in death by the age of 2-3 years.

18.

Thalassemia

Also called Cooley’s Anaemia. Occurs mostly in children & is nearly

fatal. Controlled by a recessive gene which causes severe anaemia.

19.

Turner Syndrome

Affected individuals are phenotypically females but have rudimentary

sex  organs  &  mammary  glands.  Results  from  lack  of  an  X

chromosome, that is the comliment of XO with 45 chromosomes (45,

XO).

20.

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

Extremely sensitive to UV radiation. Sunlight causes lesions which

frequently become cancerous.

Gland

Hormone

Effect

Pituitary/Hypophysis

Growth Hormone or

Growth of long bones, muscles.

Anterior Lobe

Somatotrophic hormone (STH).

Thyroid Stimulating Hor. (TSH)

Adreno Corticotrophic hormone

Influences the production of corticosteroids

(ACTH)

by adrenal cortex involved in defending body

against physiological stress.

Follicle Stimulating hormone

Growth  &  maturation  of  follicles  in  the

(FSH)

ovary,  production  of  female  sex  hormone

Estrogen  &  maturation  of  spermatozoa  in

males.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Stimulates  interstitial  cells  in  the  testis  to

produce

testosterone.

Causes   ovulation.

Release of estrogen & formulation of corpus

luteum in female.

Prolactin or Luteotrophic

Helps  to  maintain  pregnancy.  Stimualate

Hormone (LH)

mammary glands to secrete milk.

Middle Lobe

Melanophore stimulating

Associated  with  melaonophyte  which  give

Hormone (MSH)

skin its colour

Posterior Lobe

Vasopressin or Anti-diuretic

Controls  water  reabsorption  in  the  kidney

Hormone

tubule.

Oxytocin

Causes   uterine   contractions   &   active

expulsion of milk during & after birth.

Hypothalamus

Releasing Hormone (RH) for

Production  of  all  the  anterior  pituitary

each anterior pituitary hormone:

hormone is controlled by messages from the

GH-RH, TSH-RH, ACTH-RH,

hypothalamus    via

hypophyseal    portal

FSH-RH & likewise

vessels.

Thyroid

Thyroxine

BMR. Influences heat production.

Calcitonin

Calcium level in blood

Parathyroids

Parathormone

Raises blood calcium level

Adrenals

Aldosterone

Regulates sodium and potassium levels in the

blood to control blood pressure

Hydrocortisone

Plays key role in stress response; increases

blood glucose levels and mobilizes fat stores;

reduces inflammatation

Epinephrine or Adrenalin

Increases blood pressure, heart and metabolic

rate,  and  blood  sugar  levels;  dilates  blood

vessels. Also released during exercise

Norepinephrine/ Noradrenalin

Increases  blood  pressure  and  heart  rate;

constricts blood vessels

Thymus

Thymosin

Development of white blood cells

Pancreas or Islets of

Insulin

Lower the blood sugar level

Langerhans

Glucagon

Increse the blood sugar level.

Ovaries

Estrogen

Secondary sexual characteristics.

Progesterone

Prepares   Endometrium   (inner   lining   of

Uterus)

& maintains it during pregnancy

Amines

Peptide hormones

Steroids/ sterols

Lipids

Adrenaline

Acth Or Corticotropin)

Cortisol

Prostaglandins

Dopamine

Vasopressin

Aldosterone

Leukotrienes

Noradrenaline

Calcitonin

Testosterone

Prostacyclin

Melatonin

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (Crh)

Androstenedione

Thromboxane

Serotonin

Erythropoietin (Epo)

Oestrogen

Thyroxine

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (Fsh)

Estradiol

Triiodothyronine

Gastrin

Progesterone

Glucagon

Progestins

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh)

Calcitriol

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

(Sterol)

Growth Hormone (GH Or Hgh)

Insulin

Leptin

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Oxytocin

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Male

Female

Blood group of Children not possible

A

A

B & AB

A

B

-

A

AB

O

A

O

B or AB

B

B

A, AB

B

AB

O

B

O

A, AB

AB

AB

O

AB

O

O, AB

O

O

A, B, AB

Plant Diseases

Fungi

Bacterial Diseases

Viral Diseases

Late blight of Potato

Paddy blight

Tobacco Mosaic

Downy Mildew

Brown rot of Potato

Bunchy top of Banana

Loose smut of Wheat

Ring rot of Potato

Leaf curl

Smut of Bajra

Tundu disease of wheat

Potato leaf roll

Bunt of rice

Citrus canker

Coffee rust

Crown Gall of fruits

Black/Brown rust

Red rot of sugarcane

Wilt of cotton

Ergot of Bajra

Foot rot of Paddy

Pollution Linked Diseases

Heavy Metal

Human Impacts

Mercury

Kidney damage, ulcers, death if in the form of methyl mercury, Minamata disease

Lead

Kidney  damage,  metabolic  interference,  central  and  peripheral  nervous  system

toxicity, depressed biosynthesis of protein and red blood cells, irritability, anemia

Cadmium

Renal disease. Various cancers

Arsenic

Hyperkeratosis,   hyperpigmentation,   skin   tumors   and   cancer,   damage   to

gastrointestinal tract and liver

Aluminum

Linked to Alzheimer's disease, anemia, softening of bones, senile dementia