Threads - GATE Computer Science Engineering(CSE) 2023 Mock Test Series - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)
User Level thread Vs Kernel Level thread
| USER-LEVEL THREAD | KERNEL LEVEL THREAD |
| User thread are implemented by users. | kernel threads are implemented by OS. |
| OS doesn’t recognized user level threads. | Kernel threads are recognized by OS. |
| Implementation of User threads is easy. | Implementation of Kernel thread is complicated. |
| Context switch time is less. | Context switch time is more. |
| Context switch requires no hardware support. | Hardware support is needed. |
| If one user level thread perform blocking operation then entire process will be blocked. | If one kernel thread perform blocking operation then another thread can continue execution. |
| Example : Java thread, POSIX threads. | Example : Window Solaris. |
Multi threading models
Many operating systems support kernel thread and user thread in a combined way. Example of such system is Solaris. Multi threading model are of three types.
Many to many model.
Many to one model.
one to one model.
Many to Many Model
In this model, we have multiple user threads multiplex to same or lesser number of kernel level threads. Number of kernel level threads are specific to the machine, advantage of this model is if a user thread is blocked we can schedule others user thread to other kernel thread. Thus, System doesn’t block if a particular thread is blocked.
Many to One Model
In this model, we have multiple user threads mapped to one kernel thread. In this model when a user thread makes a blocking system call entire process blocks. As we have only one kernel thread and only one user thread can access kernel at a time, so multiple threads are not able access multiprocessor at the same time.
One to One Model
In this model, one to one relationship between kernel and user thread. In this model multiple thread can run on multiple processor. Problem with this model is that creating a user thread requires the corresponding kernel thread.
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FAQs on Threads - GATE Computer Science Engineering(CSE) 2023 Mock Test Series - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)
| 1. What is the difference between user-level threads and kernel-level threads? |  |
Ans. User-level threads are managed by the application itself and are invisible to the operating system. They are created and scheduled by the application's runtime library. On the other hand, kernel-level threads are managed by the operating system and are visible to it. They are created and scheduled by the operating system's kernel.
| 2. Why do user-level threads have less overhead compared to kernel-level threads? | |
Ans. User-level threads have less overhead because they are managed by the application without involving the operating system. Context switching between user-level threads is faster as it doesn't require a mode switch from user mode to kernel mode. In contrast, kernel-level threads involve system calls and mode switches, resulting in higher overhead.
| 3. What are the advantages of using kernel-level threads over user-level threads? | |
Ans. Kernel-level threads have several advantages over user-level threads. They allow parallel execution on multiple processors, as the operating system can schedule threads across different cores. Kernel-level threads can also take advantage of features provided by the operating system, such as synchronization primitives and efficient I/O operations.
| 4. Can user-level threads and kernel-level threads be used together in an application? | |
Ans. Yes, it is possible to use both user-level threads and kernel-level threads in an application. This approach is known as a hybrid threading model. In a hybrid model, user-level threads can be created and managed by the application, while some threads can be implemented as kernel-level threads for specific tasks that require operating system resources or parallel execution on multiple processors.
| 5. How does the choice between user-level threads and kernel-level threads affect the performance of an application? | |
Ans. The choice between user-level threads and kernel-level threads can significantly impact the performance of an application. User-level threads are generally faster for thread creation and context switching due to lower overhead. However, kernel-level threads provide better utilization of system resources, especially in multi-core systems, and can handle I/O operations more efficiently. The decision should be based on the specific requirements and characteristics of the application.
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