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| Tribes of the World |
1. | Kalmuks | Inhabit the Altai mountains & nearby areas - pastoral |
2. | Kirghiz | Occupy the Tien Shan & adjacent Pamirs |
3. | Gauchos | Cowboys of the pampas of Argentina & Uruguay. |
4. | Mestizos | People of mixed white & Indian parentage |
5. | Ostyaks | West Siberian tribe |
6. | Pygmies | Congo basin – Zaire, Congo, Gabon. |
7. | Boro | Amazon basin-sub group of red Indians. |
8. | Semang | Malaysia |
9. | Papuans | New Guinea |
10. | Bushmen or San | Kalahari – Namibia, Botswana, Angola |
11. | Bedouins | Nomadic Arabs in Africa & Middle-East |
12. | Masai | East Africa – Kenya, Uganda |
13. | Kirghiz | Central Asia. Muslim by faith |
14. | Saami or Lapps | Norway, Sweden, Finland – Also known as Laplanders |
15. | Yuti | Siberia |
16. | Chukchi | Far Eastern Siberia |
17. | Yakuts | Tundra region of Russia |
18. | Aleut | Aleutian Islands |
19. | Yuit | Siberia |
20. | Inuit | Greenland, Canada & Siberia |
21. | Samoyed | West Siberia |
22. | Punan | Borneo |
23. | Afrikaner/Boer | Dutch race in S. Africa |
24. | Afridis | N. West Pakistan | |||
25. | Veddas | Racial stock of Sri Lanka | |||
26. | Bantus | Central & southern Africa – Swahili is Bantu derived language. | |||
27. | Berbers | Morocco, Algeria & Tunisia | |||
28. | Maori | New Zealand | |||
29. | Bindibu | Western Australia | |||
30. | Cossacks | Russia around black & Caspian Sea | |||
31. | Magyar | Inhabitants of Hungary | |||
32. | Croats | Croatia | |||
33. | Flemish | Belgium | |||
34. | Finns | European Tundra | |||
35. | Hamites | N-W Africa – Dark skinned muslims | |||
36. | Hottentots/khoi khoi | Tropical Africa | |||
37. | Kaffris | S. Africa – known as martial race | |||
38. | Kikuyu | Kenya’s most populous ethnic group | |||
39. | Masuds | Waziristan region, Pakistan | |||
40. | Mestizos | People of mixed Indian & European blood in Latin America | |||
41. | Amerinds | N. America – People of mixed European & Indian blood | |||
42. | Mulatto | Mixed European & black blood in South America | |||
43. | Moors | Mixed tribe of Arabs & Berber people of Morocco | |||
43. | Semites | Jews & Ethiopians | |||
44. | Tartar | Turkic people of eastern Europe & central Asia | |||
45. | Zambas | People of African & Native American Indian in S. America | |||
46. | Zulus | People of Bantu family inhabiting South Africa | |||
47. | Akka | Democratic republic of Congo | |||
48. | Oromo or Galla | African people of hamitic origin in Ethiopia & Kenya | |||
49. | Uygur | Turkic people inhabiting N-W china & Kazakhstan. | |||
50. | Kubu | Inhabitants of Sumatra | |||
51. | Fulani/Fula | Cattle herders of Nigeria, Senegal, Guinea or Chad | |||
52. | Buryat | Largest ethnic minority in Siberia inhabiting buryat republic. | |||
53. | Aeta | Mongoloid racial stock found in Philippines (indigenous) | |||
54. | Ainu | Caucasoids of Japan. | |||
55. | Yanomamo | Indigenous people of Brazil & Venezuela |
Largest Producers of Fish in the World | |
Country | Prod in Million tons |
China | 16.5 |
Peru | 8 |
USA | 4.9 |
Japan | 4.7 |
Indonesia | 4.2 |
WORLD | 92.4 |
Worst deforestation rate of primary forests, 2000-2005
S.N | Country | Deforestation Rate % |
1. | Nigeria | 55.7 |
2. | Vietnam | 54.5 |
3. | Cambodia | 29.4 |
4. | Sri Lanka | 15.2 |
5. | Malawi | 14.9 |
6. | Indonesia | 12.9 |
| Total forest cover in hectares - 2005 | ||
1. | Russian Federation | 808,790,000 | |
2. | Brazil | 477,698,000 | |
3. | Canada | 310,134,000 | |
4. | United States of America | 303,089,000 | |
5. | China | 197,290,000 |
| Highest total forest cover as a percentage of total land cover, 2005 | ||
1. | Suriname | 94.7 | |
2. | French Guiana | 91.8 | |
3. | Micronesia (Federated States of) | 90.6 | |
4. | American Samoa | 89.4 | |
5. | Seychelles | 88.9 |
| Minerals & Their Ores | |
1. | Iron | Haematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe304), limonite & Siderite |
2. | Nickel | Millerite, Pentlandite |
3. | Manganese | Pyrolusite, Braunite, Psilomelane |
4. | Antimony | Stibnite |
5. | Titanium | Rutile |
6. | Chromium | Chromite |
7. | Uranium | Pitchblende (UO2) |
8. | Lead | Galena |
9. | Thorium | Thorianite, Monazite, Allanite, Ilemnite |
10. | Zinc | Calamine, Sphalerite |
11. | Mercury | Cinnabar |
12. | Beryllium | Beryl, chrysoberyl |
13. | Cobalt | Smalitite, Cobaltite |
14. | Lithium | Spodumene |
15. | Magnesium | Magnesite, Dolomite, Kieserite, Carnallite. |
16. | Potassium | Carnallite (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O) |
17. | Silver | Argentite |
18. | Sodium | Chile Saltpeter (NaNO3) |
19. | Tin | Cassiterite |
| Major Discontinuities within the earth | ||
1. | Conrad Discontinuity | Between outer & inner crust | |
2. | Mohorovicic Discontinuity | Between crust & mantle | |
3. | Repetti Discontinuity | Between outer & inner mantle | |
4. | Weichart-Gutenberg Discontinuity | Between mantle & core | |
5. | Lehmann Discontinuity | Between outer & inner core. |
Important Mining Centers Of The World | |||
1. | Cleveland | Iron Ore (U. K.) | |
2. | Ungava & Belle Island | Iron Ore (Canada) | |
3. | Carajas | Iron Ore (Brazil) | |
4. | Yampi Sound | Iron Ore (Australia) | |
5. | Paraburdoo | Iron Ore (Australia) | |
6. | Bilbao | Iron Ore (Spain) | |
7. | Nikopol | Largest manganese mines of world (Ukraine) | |
8. | Chuquicamata | copper (Chile) | |
9. | Morenci | Copper (Arizona - largest in US) | |
10. | El Chino | copper (New Mexico) | |
11. | Katanga | copper, cobalt, uranium, cadmium, tin, gold, silver (DMC) | |
12. | Mount Isa | Silver, lead, zinc & copper (Australia) | |
13. | Broken Hill | Silver, Lead & Zinc | |
14. | Witwatersrand | Gold (S. Africa) | |
15. | Kalgoorlie | Gold (Australia) | |
16. | Fushun | Manchuria (Coal) | |
17. | Donetz | Coal (Ukraine) | |
18. | Kuznetsk | Coal (Russia) | |
19. | Karaganda | Coal (Kazakhstan) | |
20. | Mesabi range | Iron ore (Northern Minnesota) | |
21. | Pittsburg | iron & steel capital of the world (Pennsylvania) | |
22. | Port Louis | Sugar industry (Mauritius) | |
23. | Anshan | iron & Steel (China) | |
24. | Lille | Textiles (France) | |
25. | Yallourn | Coal (Australia) |
26. | Ipoh | Tin (Kinta Valley, Malaysia) | ||
27. | Tula | Iron ore (near Moscow) | ||
28. | Chiatura | Manganese (Georgia) | ||
29. | Chilean desert | Caliche (Chile Saltpeter-NaNO3) | ||
30. | Pilbara | Iron ore (Australia) | ||
31. | Bomi Hill | Liberia (Iron Ore | ||
32. | Niger | Uranium accounts for 75 per cent mineral export | ||
33. | Montana | Copper ( USA) | ||
34. | Kra Peninsula | Tin (Narrowest point of Malaysia) | ||
35. | Iron Knob | Iron ore (Australia- Now almost exhausted) | ||
36. | Minas Gerais | Iron Ore (Brazil) | ||
37. | Jos Plateau | Tin (Nigeria) | ||
38. | Ozark | Lead-Zinc Ores (USA) | ||
39. | Bingham | Copper (United States largest mine) | ||
40. | Chihuahua | Important mining town of Mexico – Iron, Lead, copper, silver. | ||
41. | Rum Jungle | Uranium (Australia) | ||
42. | Krivoi Rog | Iron Ore (Ukraine) | ||
43. | Sudbury | Nickel (Canada) | ||
44. | Kinta Valley | Tin (Malaysia) | ||
45. | Weipa | Bauxite (Australia) | ||
46. | Gippsland | Lignite(Australia) | ||
47. | Flin Flon | Mining centre in Manitoba, Canada | ||
48. | Catavi | Bolivia | ||
49. | Braden | Chile (Copper) |
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| Important Isopleths |
1. | Isogones | Equal magnetic declination |
2. | Isohel | Equal amount of sunlight. |
3. | Isobront | Thunderstorm at the same time |
4. | Isocheim | Same mean winter temperature |
5. | Isothere | Same mean summer temperature |
6. | Isanomal | Isopleth of Anomaly |
7. | Isochrones | Equal travel time from a common center. |
8. | Isohypse | Or Contour lines |
9. | Isonif | Amount of Snow |
10. | Isophene | Isopleths of seasonal phenomena |
11. | Isopotential | Surface to which artesian water can rise |
12. | Isorymes | Equal frost |
13. | Isarithm | A line representing continuous value on map |
14. | Isonephs | Equal cloudiness |
15. | Co-seismal lines | Simultaneous seismic activity |
16. | Isohypse | Or contours |
17. | Isopach | Equal thickness of geological strata |
18. | Isotach | Same wind speed |
19. | Isotherombrose | Equal ratio of summer rainfall to annual rainfall |
20. | Isochasm | Equal frequency of aurorae |
21. | Isodynamic | Equal magnetic intensity |
22. | Isogen | Equal birthrates |
23. | Isokeraunic | Equal occurrence of thunderstorms |
| Places & Their Importance | |
1. | Yorkshire | woollen textile |
2. | Lancashire | cotton textile |
3. | Glasgow | ship building |
4. | Sheffield | Cutlery & steel works |
5. | Lorraine | Iron ore (France) |
6. | Lyon | Silk Industry (France) |
7. | Silesia | Coal (Poland) – high grade |
8. | Lodz | Manchester of Poland |
9. | Hamburg | Ship Building (Germany) |
10. | Stuttgart | Automobile (Germany) |
11. | Munich | Instruments (Germany) |
12. | Karl Marx Stadt | Textile (Germany) |
13. | Sambre-Meuse | Coal (Belgium) |
14. | Marseilles | Oil Refinery |
15. | Baku | Capital city of Azerbaijan & chief refining center. |
16. | Chicago | Biggest railway junction |
17. | Detroit | Automobile |
18. | Seattle | Aircraft |
19. | Cadiz | Cork (Spain) |
20. | Changchun | Automobile & machine tools (China) |
21. | Chelyabinsk | Iron & Steel (Russia) |
22. | Dresden | Optical, Photo & Graphic instruments (Germany) |
23. | Dusseldorf | Iron & Steel (Germany) |
24. | Essen | Iron & Steel (Germany) |
25. | Essex | Engineering works (England) |
26. | Kharkov | Machine building & Engineering (Ukraine) |
27. | Kiev | Engineering (Ukraine) |
28. | Magnitogorsk | Iron & Steel (Russia) |
29. | Nagoya | Cotton & Ship building (Japan) |
30. | Nizhny Tagil | Iron & Steel (Russia) |
31. | Venice | Glass Industry |
32. | Vienna | Glass Industry |
33. | Philadelphia | Locomotives (USA) |
34. | Plymouth | Shipbuilding (USA) |
35. | Yenang Yang | Oil Drilling (Myanmar) |
36. | Gorky / Nizhny Novogorod | Engineering Industry. |
37. | Belfast | Ship building (Ireland) |
Types of Delta
1. | Arcuate Delta | Nile, Ganga, Rhine, Hwang Ho, Volga, Indus, Mekong, Rhone, Danube. |
2. | Digitate or Bird-Foot Delta | Mississippi |
3. | Estuarine Delta | Elb, Ob, Seine, Narmada, Tapti, Mackenzie, Hudson, Amazon, Rhine |
4. | Cuspate or Tooth-Shaped Delta | Tiber in Italy, Ebro of Spain. |
Major Natural Regions
1. | Equatorial Lowland | Amazon Type |
2. | Equatorial Highland | Malay Type |
3. | Equatorial High Plateaus | Ecuador Type |
4. | Tropical Eastern Margin | Monsoon Type |
5. | Tropical Interiors | Sudan Type |
6. | Tropical Western Deserts | Sahara Type |
7. | Warm Temperate/Subtropical Western Margins | Mediterranean Type |
8. | Warm Temperate/Subtropical Eastern Margin | China Type |
9. | Warm Temperate/Subtropical Interior Lowland | Turan Type |
10. | Warm Temperate/Subtropical Interior Plateau | Iran Type |
11. | Cool Temperate Western Margin | European Type |
12. | Cool Temperate Eastern Margin | St. Lawrence Type |
13. | Cool Temperate Interior Lowland | Prairie Type |
14. | Cool Temperate Interior Highland | Altai Type |
15. | Cool Temperate High Plateau | Tibet Type |
16. | Polar Lowland | Tundra Type |
17. | Polar Highland | Ice Cap Type |
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| Major Deserts | |
S. | Desert | Location | |
1. | Sahara | Northern Africa | |
2. | Gobi | Mongolia/Northeastern China | |
3. | Patagonian | Argentina | |
4. | Rub‘ Al Khali | Southern Arabian Peninsula | |
5. | Great Sandy | Northwestern Australia | |
6. | Great Victoria | Southwestern Australia | |
7. | Chihuahuan | Mexico/Southwestern United States | |
8. | Takla Makan | Northern China | |
9. | Sonoran | Mexico/Southwestern United States | |
10. | Kalahari | Southwestern Africa | |
11. | Kyzyl Kum | Uzbekistan | |
12. | Thar | India/Pakistan | |
13. | Simpson | Australia | |
14. | Mohave | Southwestern United States | |
15. | Nafud Desert | Arabian Peninsula | |
16. | Dasht-I-Kavir | Iran |
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| Planets & satellites |
1. | Mars | Deimos, Phobos |
2. | Jupiter | Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Io |
3. | Saturn | Titan, Tethys, Rhea, Iapetus, Dione | |||
4. | Uranus | Oberon, Titania, Umbriel, Ariel | |||
5. | Neptune | Triton | |||
6. | Pluto | Charon |
| Hypothesis of the origin of Earth | |||
1. | Gaseous Hypothesis | Kant | ||
2. | Nebular Hypothesis | Laplace | ||
3. | Planetesimal Hypothesis | T.C. Chamberlain & F. R. Moulten | ||
4. | Tidal Hypothesis | James Jeans & Harold Jeffreys | ||
5. | Meteoric Hypothesis | Lockyer | ||
6. | Binary Star Hypothesis | H.N. Russel | ||
7. | Fission Hypothesis | Ross Gun | ||
8. | Cepheid Hypothesis | A.C. Banerji | ||
9. | Supernova Hypothesis | F. Hoyle | ||
10. | Interstellar Dust Hypothesis | Otto Schmidt | ||
11. | Nebular Cloud Hypothesis | Von Weizsacker | ||
12. | Protoplanet Hypothesis | Gerald Kuiper |
| Percentage Area of various bodies | |
1. | Pacific Ocean | 35.4 % |
2. | Atlantic Ocean | 18.4 % |
3. | Indian Ocean | 14.5 % |
4. | Land | 29.2 % |
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| Major Trenches in the Ocean |
1. | Pacific Ocean | Aleutian trench, Tonga trench, Philippine trench, Peru-Chile |
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| trench, Mariana Trench (near Micronesia) |
2. | Atlantic Ocean | Puerto Rico trench, South sandwich trench, Romanche trench |
3. | Indian Ocean | Java trench |
| Submarine Canyons in various oceans | ||||
| Pacific Ocean |
| Atlantic Ocean |
| Indian Ocean |
1. | Tokyo Canyon | 1. | Oceanographer Canyon | 1. | Indus Canyon |
2. | Bering Canyon | 2. | Hudson Canyon | 2. | Ganges Canyon |
3. | Columbia Canyon | 3. | Wilmington Canyon | 3. |
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4. | Juan De Fucca Canyon | 4. | Norfolk Canyon | 4. |
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5. | Monterey Canyon | 5. | Congo Canyon | 5. |
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6. | Arguello Canyon | 6. | San Francisco Canyon | 6. |
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7. | Scripps Canyon | 7. | Mississippi Canyon | 7. |
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8. | Coronados Canyon | 8. |
| 8. |
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| Basins of the Oceans | |
1. | Atlantic Ocean | South Antilles basin, Cape basin, Agulhas basin |
2. | Indian Ocean | Mascarenes, Sulu, Celebes, Banda basin |
3. | Pacific Ocean | Caroline, Solomon, New Hebrides, Guatemala basin |
Major Ridges & Rises in various Oceans
| Pacific Ocean |
| Atlantic Ocean |
| Indian Ocean |
1. | Catham rise | 1. | Rio Grande rise | 1. | Carlsberg ridge |
2. | Galapagos rise | 2. | Walvis ridge | 2. | Laccadive-Chagos ridge |
3. | Nazca ridge | 3. | Reykjanes ridge (Iceland) | 3. | Chagos-St Paul ridge |
4. | South Tasman rise | 4. | Sierra Leone rise | 4. | Kerguelen-Gausberg ridge |
5. | Louisville ridge | 5. | Para rise |
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6. | Juan de fuca ridge (N-E P) | 6. | New foundland rise |
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7. | Gorda ridge ( N-E P) | 7. | Wyville Thomson ridge |
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8. | Explorer ridge | 8. | Dolphin rise |
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9. | Austral Marshall Gilbert | 9. | Challenger rise |
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10. | Carneige ridge |
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11. | Cocos ridge |
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12. | Norfolk Island ridge |
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13. | Caroline-Solomon ridge |
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•Lomonsov ridge & Gakkel ridge is in arctic ocean. |
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| Koppen’s Classification | |||
A | Tropical Climate | S | Steppe Climate | |
B | Dry Climate | W | Desert Climate | |
C | Mild Humid (Mesothermal) Climate | T | Tundra climate | |
D | Snowy forest (Microthermal) climate | F | Ice Cap climate | |
E | Polar Climate | f | Precipitation in all months | |
H | Undifferentiated highland climate | m | Monsoon type | |
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| w | Dry season in winter | |
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| s | Dry season in summer | |
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| h | Dry hot; mean ann. Temp >18 C (B only) | |
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| k | Dry cold; mean ann. temp < 18 C (B only) |
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| Third Letter |
1. | a | Hot summers in which the warmest month has a mean temperature of above 22 C. |
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| Used in C & D climate |
2. | b | Warm summers in which the warmest month has a mean temperature of below 22 C. |
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| Used in C & D climates |
3. | c | Cool short summers with fewer than four months having a mean temperature above 10 |
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| C. Used in C & D climates |
4. | d | Very cold winters in which the mean temperature of the coldest month is below -38 C. |
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| Used in D climate only. |
Types of Climate Under Koppen’s Scheme |
Af | Tropical Rainforest | Cs | Mild humid climate with dry summer |
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Am | Tropical monsoon | Df | Snowy forest climate with on dry season |
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Aw | Tropical savanna | Dw | Snowy forest climate with dry winter |
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BS | Steppe climate | Ds | Snowy forest climate with dry summer |
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BW | Desert climate | ET | Tundra climate.0<Warmest month< 10 C |
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Cf | Mild humid climate with no dry season | EF | Perpetual frost. Less than 0 C throughout |
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Cw | Mild humid with a dry winter |
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Thornthwaite Scheme 1931
Thornthwaite identified 5 humidity zones on the basis of P/E (precipitation effectiveness or efficiency) index.
P/E index = 11.5 (r/T – 10) ^9/10
where r is mean monthly rainfall in inches & t is mean monthly temperature in degree F. Similarly Thermal efficiency or temperature effectiveness can be computed using
T/E ratio = (t – 32)/4
Where t is the mean monthly temperature in degree F.
| Humidity zones based on P/E index |
| Humidity Zones based on T/E index | ||
A | Wet | 127 | A’ | Tropical | 127 |
B | Humid | 64-127 | B’ | Mesothermal | 64-127 |
C | Sub humid | 32-63 | C’ | Microthermal | 32-63 |
D | Semi arid | 16-31 | D’ | Taiga | 16-31 |
E | arid | <16 | E’ | Tundra | 1-15 |
|
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| F’ | Frost | 0 |
| Third letter |
r | Rainfall adequate in all season |
s | Rainfall deficient in summer |
w | Rainfall deficient in winter |
d | Rainfall deficient in all season |
E.g. AB’r – mesothermal wet climate with adequate rainfall in all seasons.
Thornthwaite 1948 Classification
Moisture index (Im) = (100S- 60D)/PE
Where S represents monthly surplus of moisture & D represents monthly deficit of moisture. Thermal efficiency index is simply the potential evapotranspiration expressed in centimeters.
Humidity zones based on moisture index | Thermal zone based on thermal efficiency | ||||
A | Perhumid | >100 cm | A’ | Megathermal | >114 |
B1 – B4 | Humid | 20 to100 cm | B1’ – B4’ | Mesothermal | 57 to 114 |
C2 | Moist Subhumid | 0 to 20 cm | C2’ | Microthermal | 42.7 to 57 |
C1 | Dry subhumid | -33.3 to 0 cm | C1’ | Microthermal | 28.5 to 42.7 |
D | Semi arid | -67 to -33.3 | D’ | Tundra | 14.2 to 28.5 |
E | Arid | -100 to -66.7 | E’ | Frost | < 14.2 |
1. What are the major landforms found in the world? |
2. How does climate affect the distribution of vegetation on Earth? |
3. What are the major biomes found on Earth? |
4. How does the movement of tectonic plates affect the Earth's geography? |
5. How does human activity contribute to changes in the Earth's geography? |
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