Horticulture Crops
Mango | UP (32), Bihar (13) Andhra Pradesh. Accounts for 40 percent of all fruits | |
Banana | Maharashtra (28%), Gujarat (10%), Andhra Pradesh. Jalgaon district | |
| alone supplies more than 80 % of Maharashtra’s Banana | |
Cashew | Kerala (31%), Maharashtra (18%), Andhra Pradesh (14%). Cashew is a | |
| Genus ofBrazil. Largest foreign exchange earner | |
Orange | Maharashtra, M.P, Karnataka. Genus from China | |
Grapes | Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra. Native plant of Armenia. Grapes are | |
| Importedin India. | |
Guava | U.P., Bihar. Native plant of Tropical America | |
Apple | J & K, Himachal Pr, Uttaranchal | |
Potato | U.P (35%), West Bengal (33%) | |
Onion | Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh |
| Types of Crops |
Kharif Crops | Rice, Maize, Jowar, Ragi, Bajra, Tur, Moong, Urad, Cotton, |
| Jute, Seasum, Groundnut, Soyabeen, |
Rabi Crops | Wheat, Barley, Jowar, Rapeseed, Mustard, Linseed, Lentil, |
| Gram, Peas |
Zaid Crops | Sown during march to June. E.g. Water Melon, Melon, |
| Cucumber, Vegetables, Moong, Urad. |
Jowar is both a Kharif & Rabi Crop. |
|
| National Parks of India | ||
1. | Wandur National Park | Andaman & Nicobar | ||
2. | Kaziranga National Park | Assam | ||
3. | Manas National Park | Assam | ||
4. | Palamau National Park | Jharkhand | ||
5. | Hazaribagh National Park | Jharkhand (Rhinoceros) | ||
6. | Dachigam National Park | J & K – Kashmir Stag (Hangul) | ||
7. | Hemis National Park | J & K | ||
8. | Kishtwar National Park | J & K | ||
9. | Silent Valley National Park | Kerala | ||
10. | Eravikulam National Park | Kerala | ||
11. | Bandhavgarh National Park | M.P. | ||
12. | Kanha National Park | M.P. | ||
13. | Madhav National Park | M.P. | ||
14. | Pench National Park | M.P. | ||
15. | Shivpuri National Park | M.P. – Birds | ||
16. | Indravati National Park | Chhattisgarh | ||
17. | Keoladeo National Park | Rajasthan | ||
18. | Ranthambore National Park | Rajasthan | ||
19. | Desert National Park | Rajasthan | ||
20. | Sariska National Park | Rajasthan | ||
21. | Namdapha National Park | Arunachal Pradesh | ||
22. | Marine National Park | Gujarat | ||
23. | Pin Valley National Park | Himachal Pradesh |
24. | Bandipur National Park | Karnataka |
25. | Nagarhole National Park | Karnataka |
26. | Bannerghatta National Park | Karnataka |
27. | Tadoba National Park | Maharashtra |
28. | Boriveli National Park | Maharashtra (or Sanjay Gandhi National Park) |
29. | Balpakram National Park | Meghalaya |
30. | Nokrek National Park | Meghalaya |
31. | Nandan Kanan National Park | Orissa |
32. | Chandka Elephant Reserve | Orissa |
33. | Simlipal Tiger Reserve | Orissa |
34. | Corbett National Park | Uttaranchal |
35. | Rajaji National Park | Uttaranchal |
36. | Valley of Flower N. Park | Uttaranchal |
37. | Nandadevi National Park | Uttaranchal |
38. | Dudhwa National Park | U.P. |
39. | Govind National Park | U.P. |
Wildlife Sanctuaries of India
1. | Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary | Andhra Pradesh |
2. | Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary | Tamil Nadu |
3. | Srisailam Wildlife Sanctuary | Andhra Pradesh |
4. | Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary | Assam |
5. | Kaimur wildlife Sanctuary | Bihar (largest) |
6. | Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary | Karnataka |
7. | Periyar Wildlife sanctuary | Kerala |
8. | National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary | M.P., U.P & Rajasthan |
9. | Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary | Maharashtra (Ahmednagar) |
10. | Gomardha Wildlife Sanctuary | Chhattisgarh |
11. | Harike Headworks | Punjab |
12. | Jaldapara Wildlife sanctuary | West Bengal |
13. | Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary | Haryana |
14. | Raganathittu Wildlife Sanctuary | Karnataka |
15. | Madumalai Sanctuary | Tamil Nadu |
16. | Pulicat Sanctuary | Andhra Pradesh |
17. | Chandraprabha Wildlife Sanctuary | U.P (Varanasi) |
18. | Ranganthitoo Bird Sanctury | Karnataka |
19. | Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary | Tamil Nadu |
|
| Breeds of Cattle |
1. | Cow | Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Deoni (Andhra Pr.), Nagori, Rathi, Siri, Malvi, |
|
| Tharparkar. Exotic breeds – Holstein, Friesian, Jersey, Brown Swiss. |
2. | Buffalo | Murrah, Bhadawari, Nagpuri, Mehsana, Jaffrabadi, Surti, Nali-Ravi. |
3. | Sheep | Jaisalmeri, Pugal, Bikaneri, Marwari, Kathiawar. |
4. | Goats | Jamnapuri, Barbari |
High Yielding Varieties of Seed
1. | Wheat | Kalyan Sona, Sonalika, Arjun, Lerma, Sharbati Sonora, WL series. |
2. | Rice | Padma, Jaya, IR-8, Hamsa, Krishna, Cauvery, Annapurna |
3. | Maize | Ganga-101, Deccan Hybrid |
4. | Jowar | CSV-1 to CSV-7 |
5. | Ragi | Sharda |
6. | Cotton | V-797, Hybrid 4,5, Digvijay, Varalaxmi, Sanjay, Devi raj, Virnar. |
Roads, Railways & Waterways in India
1. | National Highways | 67700 Km | Broad Guage | 46800 km |
2. | State Highways | 137000 Km | Meter Guage | 13000 km |
3. | District Roads | 12 Lakh Km | Narrow Guage | 3100 km |
4. | Village Roads | 15 Lakh Km | Total Railway guage | 63200 km |
5. | Border Roads | 30,000 Km | No of Trains | 13500 |
6. | Total Roads | 33 Lakh Km | No of Stations | 7100 |
7. | Total Waterways | 14500 Km | Electrified route | 28% |
National Waterways
1. | National Waterways-1 | Allahabad-Haldia stretch of the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hoogly system |
2. | National Waterways-2 | Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra system |
3. | National Waterways-3 | The west coast canal from Kottapuram to Kollam along with the |
|
| Udyogmandal & Champakar canals (All in Kerala). |
Indian Railways, Headquarters | ||
1. | Nothern Raiway | Delhi |
2. | Southern Railway | Chennai |
3. | Eastern Raiway | Kolkata |
4. | Western Railway | Mumbai (Churchgate) |
5. | North-Western Railway | Jaipur |
6. | North-Central Railway | Allahabad |
7. | North-Eastern Railway | Gorakhpur |
8. | North-East Frontier Railway | Guwahati |
9. | East Coast Railway | Bhubaneshwar |
10. | East Central Railway | Hazipur |
11. | West Central Railway | Jabalpur |
12. | Central Railway | Mumbai (V.T) |
13. | South-Central Railway | Secundarabad |
14. | South Eastern Railway | Kolkata |
15. | South-Western Railway | Bangalore |
16. | South-East Central Railway | Bilaspur |
| India Pipelines |
1. | Naharkatiya Oilfield in Assam to Barauni refinery in Bihar via Noonmati – First pipeline |
2. | Barauni-Kanpur pipeline for transport of refined petroleum |
3. | Haldia-Maurgram-Rajbandh pipeline |
4. | Ankleshwar oilfield to Koyali refinery in Gujarat |
5. | Mumbai High Koyali pipeline |
6. | Hajira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) pipeline (1750 km). Extended from Bijapur to Dadri in U.P. |
7. | Kandla to Luni in U.P via Delhi for LPG transport (1250 Km) |
|
| Airways-International Airports | |
1. | Mumbai | Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Sahar) | |
2. | Delhi | Indira Gandhi International Airport | |
3. | Chennai | Anna International Airport (Meenambakam) | |
4. | Kolkata | Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport | |
5. | Ahmedabad | Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel International Airport | |
6. | Amritsar | Raja Sansi Airport | |
7. | Bangalore | Needumbassery International Airport | |
8. | Goa | Dabolim International Airport | |
9. | Guwahati | Lokapriya Gopinat Bardoli International Airport | |
10. | Hyderabad | Rajiv Gandhi International Airport | |
11. | Thiruvananthapuram | Trivandrum International Airport | |
12. | Kochi | Nedumbassery International Airport. |
|
| India’s Foreign Trade |
| ||
1. | Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants (POL) | 27 % | 1. | Gems & Jewellery | 17 % |
2. | Pearls & Precious stones | 9 % | 2. | Readymade Garments | 13 % |
3. | Gold & Silver | 8.5 % | 3. | Chemicals | 11 % |
4. | Capital goods | 12 % | 4. | Cotton Textile | 8 % |
5. | Electronic goods | 9 % | 5. | Machine & Transport | 6 % |
6. | Chemicals | 7 % | 6. | Agricultural Exports | 13.5 % |
7. | Edible Oils | 3 % | 7. |
|
|
8. | Coke, Coal & briquettes | 2 % | 8. |
|
|
Fish & Fish products lead agricultural exports accounting for 3.1 % of the total value.
India’s major trading partners
1. | USA | 11.6 % |
2. | UAE | 5.0 % |
3. | China | 5 .0% |
4. | UK | 4.4 % |
5. | Belgium | 4.1 % |
6. | Germany | 3.9 % |
7. | Japan | 3.1 % |
8. | Switzerland | 2.7 % |
9. | Hongkong | 3.4 % |
10. | Singapore | 3.0 % |
Cities located on Rivers
City | River | State |
Agra | Yamuna | UP |
Badrinath | Alaknanda | Uttaranchal |
Cuttack | Mahanadi | Orissa |
Dibrugarh | Brahmaputra | Assam |
Ferozpur | Sutlej | Punjab |
Guwahati | Brahmaputra | Assam |
Hyderabad | Musi | AP |
Jabalpur | Narmada | MP |
Kanpur | Ganga | UP |
Kota | Chambal | Rajasthan |
Lucknow | Gomti | UP |
Ludhiana | Sutlej | Punjab |
Nasik | Godavari | Maharashtra |
Pandharpur | Bhima | Maharashtra |
Patna | Ganga | Bihar |
Sambalpur | Mahanadi | Orissa |
Srinagar | Jhelum | J&K |
Surat | Tapti | Gujarat |
Tiruchirapalli | Cauvery | Tamil Nadu |
Varanasi | Ganga | UP |
Vijaywada | Krishna | AP |
|
| Industries of India |
1. | Iron & Steel | IISCO has 3 plants at Kulti, Hirapur & Burnpur. Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel |
|
| Co is located on the bank of Bhadravati river in Karnataka. |
|
| Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL) at Bhilai, Durgapur & Bokaro. |
2. | Cotton Textile | 4% of GDP. 3.5 Crore population employed. |
3. | Sugar Industry |
|
4. | Aluminum | HINDALCO (Renukoot), INDAL (Alupuram, Hirakud, Belgaum), Madras |
| Industry | Aluminium Company (MALCO, Mettur), BALCO (Korba), NALCO |
|
| (Koraput) |
5. | Copper Smelting | HCL is the main player & operates Khetri copper complex, Indian copper |
|
| complex (Ghatsila, Jharkhand), Malanjkhand copper project (Balghat, |
|
| M.P.), Taloja copper project (Raigad, Maharashtra). |
6. | Jute Textile | Centers are Titagarh, budge-budge, Haora, Rishra, Serampore, |
|
| Bhadreshware, Shyamnagar. |
7. | Silk Textile | Its varieties are Mulberry (88%), Eri (9%), Tassar (2%), Muga (1%) |
8. | Woolen Textile | Punjab, Maharashtra & U.P account for 75% production. Dhariwal is most |
|
| important centre. Others are Amritsar, Ludhiana, Kharar. |
9. | Heavy Industry | Heavy Engineering Corp Ltd (Ranchi), Tungabhadra Steel Products Ltd |
|
| (Karnataka), Bharat heavy plates & Vessels (Vishakhapatnam) |
|
| Mining & allied machinery corporation (Durgapur). |
10. | Machine Tools | HMT (Bangalore, Pinjore in Haryana, Kalamassery in Kerala, Hyderabad, |
|
| Ajmer & Sri Nagar), Heavy Machine Tools (Ranchi), Machine Tools Corp |
|
| of India (Ajmer), National Instruments Factory at Kolkata. |
11. | Automobiles | TELCO in Mumbai, Ashok Leyland in Chennai, Bajaj Tempo (Pune). |
|
| Defense vehicles are produced at Jabalpur. |
12. | Pesticides | Hindustan Insecticides Ltd (Delhi, Kerala & Rasayani, Maharashtra) |
|
| Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd (Rasayani, Raigad & Kochi) |
13. | Cement Industry | Top manufacturing states are M.P, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pr & Raj. Jamul |
|
| is largest plant of M.P. & Sawai Madhopur leads in Rajasthan |
14. | Leather Industry | India is 3rd largest player after Italy & U.S. |
15. | Glass Industry | Bahjoi & Naini (Both in U.P.) are famous for glass sheets & Firozabad for | |
|
| bangles. |
|
16. | Paper Industry | Rajmundhry (Andhra Pr), Ballarpur (Maharshtra), Titagarh (Bengal) | |
|
| Bhadravati, Dandeli (Karnataka), Hoshangabad (M.P) | |
17. | Liquor Industry | U.P. has more than 50% installed capacity. Maharashtra, A.P are others. | |
18. | Aircraft industry | Important centres are HAL-Bangalore, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Others are | |
|
| Koraput (Orissa) & Nasik. |
|
19. | Railway | Chittaranjan Locomotive works (Electric engines) – West Bengal | |
| Equipments | Diesel Locomotive works | – Varanasi |
|
| Integral Coach Factory | – Perambur, Tamil Nadu |
|
| Rail Coach Factory | – Kapurthala, Punjab. |
|
| Diesel Componets Works | - Patiala |
|
| Railway wheels & Axels | - Yalahanka (Banalore) & Durgapur. |
20. | Ship Building | Hindustan Shipyard (Vishakhapatnam), Garden-Reach Shipbuilders | |
|
| (Kolkata), Mazagaon Dock (Mumbai), Goa Shipyard (Vasco). | |
21. | Pharmaceuticals | IDPL – Rhishikesh, Hyderabad, Gurgaon, Chennai, Muzzafarpur | |
|
| Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd – Pimpri, Pune – first public sector undertaking | |
|
| in this industry |
|
22. | Zinc & Lead | Hindustan Zinc Ltd at Debari, Rajasthan (both zinc & lead) | |
23. | Fertilizers | FCI-Sindri |
|
| Industry | National Fertilizers Limited – Nangal | |
|
| Hindustan Fertilizer Corp Ltd- Namrup (Assam), Durgapur. | |
|
| Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd – Trombay, Thal | |
|
| Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, U.P & Maharashtra are the 4 largest in order. | |
24. | Heavy Electricals | BHEL (Bhopal, Tiruchirapalli, Ramchandrapuram in A.P, Jammu, | |
|
| Bangalore, Hardwar). Ms ABL at Durgapur. | |
|
| Hindustan Cables Factory (Rupnarainpur, Bengal), Indian Telephone | |
|
| industries (Bangalore), Bharat Electronics (Bangalore), | |
|
| Electronics corporation of India (Hyderabad) |
|
| Industrial Regions of India |
1. | Mumbai-Pune region | Tata hydel stations at Khopali, Bhivpuri, Bhira & koyna |
|
| Solapur, Satara, Sangli & Ahmednagar |
2. | Hugli Industrial Belt | From Naihati to Budge-Budge along left bank & Tribeni to |
|
| Nalpur along right bank. Other centres are Serampur, Rishra, |
|
| Shibpur, Kakinara, Shamnagar, Titagarh, Sodepur, Bansbaria, |
|
| Belgurriah, Triveni, Belur. |
6. | Bangalore-Tamil Nadu | Pykara project supplies electricity. Salem, Madurai, | ||
|
| Tiruchirapalli, Mettur, Mysore, Mandya. | ||
7. | Ahmedabad-Vadodara | Dhuvaran Thermal power station, Uttaran gas power station, | ||
|
| Ukai hydro project. Koyali, Anand, Khera, Surendranagar, | ||
|
| Rajkot, Surat, Valsad, Jamnagar | ||
8. | Chhotanagpur Region | Chaibasa, Dhanbad, Sindri, Hazaribagh, Asansol, Durgapur, | ||
|
| Dalmianagar, Ranchi, Daltonganj. | ||
9. | Gurgaon Delhi Meerut | Faridabad, Modinagar, Ambala, Agra, Mathura |
| Six Largest National Highways |
|
National Highway | Route | Length Km |
NH 7 | Varanasi-Kanyakumari | 2369 |
NH 6 | Kolkata & Dhule via Raipur, Nagpur. | 1932 |
NH 5 | Baharagora-Chennai | 1533 |
NH 2 | Delhi-Kolkata | 1490 |
NH 8 | Delhi-Mumbai | 1428 |
NH 17 | Panvel-Edapally (Karnataka) | 1270 |
Important National Highways |
| |
NH-1 | Delhi to Amritsar via Ambala &Jalandhar | 456 |
NH-1A | Jalandhar& Uri via Jammu, Srinagar &Bramble |
|
NH 22 | Ambala to Shipkila on Indo china border | 460 |
NH 28 A | Pipra to Nepal border | 68 |
NH 35 | Barasat-Bongaigaon-Indo Bangladesh border | 61 |
NH 39 | Numaligarh-Indo Burma border. | 436 |
NH 3 | Agra to Mumbai via Gwalior |
|
NH 4 | Chennai with Thane |
|
| Important Industrial Centers of India | |||
1. | Firozabad | Glass Bangles | ||
2. | Mirzapur | Pottery | ||
3. | Jaipur | Gems Industry | ||
4. | Trivandrum | Wood Carving | ||
5. | Kadi | Mineral Oil | ||
6. | Korba | Aluminium | ||
7. | Bhatinda | Fertilizers |
|
| Racial Profile of India |
1. | Negritos | Only on Andaman& Nicobar |
2. | Proto-Australoid | Includes Tribal group of central & southern India. Veddahs, |
|
| Maleveddahs, Irulas, Sholgas considere true representative. |
3. | Mongoloids | Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Lipchas, Chakmas, Murmis, Naga & Dafla |
4. | Mediterranean | Divided into: Palaeo-Mediterranean (or Dravidians) inhabiting |
|
| southern parts of India & True Mediterranean inhabiting northern & |
|
| Western part of the country. |
5. | Brachycephals | Characterized by broad heads. Corgis& Parsis are representative. |
|
| They are divided into Alpinoids, Dinarics & Armenoids |
6. | Nordics/Indo-Aryans | Inhabit parts of north India. They are mostly represented among the |
|
| upper castes in northern India esp. in Punjab |
Demographic Profile of India
S. | Parameter | Top in Parameter | Bottom in Parameter |
1. | Population | U.P, Maharashtra, Bihar, W. | Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal |
| (1027 million) | Bengal & Andhra Pr. | Pradesh & Goa |
|
| Delhi (UTs) | Lakshadweep (UT) |
2. | Population Density | West Bengal (904), Bihar (880), | Arunachal PR (13), Mizoram, |
| (324 per/Sq. km) | Kerala, U.P, Punjab. | Sikkim |
|
| Delhi | Andaman & Nicobar. |
3. | Poplin Growth | Nagaland (64%), Sikkim | Kerala (9.4%) |
4. | Growth Urban population | Arunachal Pradesh | Kerala |
|
| Dadra & Nagar Havel |
|
5. | Growth rural population | Nagaland | Tamil Nadu |
6. | Proportion of Urban Populn | Goa (50%) | Arunachal Pradesh (5%) |
|
|
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli |
7. | Average size of Villages | Kerala (~15000 people) | Arunachal (~200) |
8. | Sex Ratio (933) | Kerala (1058) | Haryana (861), Punjab & |
|
| Pondicherry | Sikkim |
|
|
| Daman & Diu |
9. | Death Rate | Orissa | Kerala (6 per thousand) |
10. | Infant Mortality Rate | Orissa | Kerala |
11. | Literacy | Kerala (91%), Mizoram, Goa, | Bihar (47%), Jharkhand, |
|
| Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh | J&K, Arunachal Pr, U.P. |
|
| Lakshadweep (UT) | Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT) |
There are many geopolitical conflict zones across the globe. Few of them are:-
Syrian Civil War
Russia and Turkey
Afghanistan and Pakistan
India and Pakistan
India and Nepal
South China Sea
Libyan Crisis
Sudan Internal ethnic conflict
Nigeria: Boko Haram terrorists
Iraq
Israel and Palestine
EU: Inflow of refugees from West Asia & N.Africa
Iran and Saudi Arabia
Yemen
Russia and Ukraine
Greece and EU
Myanmar
1. What are the major geographical features of the world? |
2. How does the study of world geography help in understanding global issues? |
3. What are some important factors that shape the geography of a country? |
4. How do mountains impact the climate and human settlements? |
5. How do rivers contribute to the development of civilizations? |
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