Arithmetic, Logical & Boolean Operators | Computer for GCSE/IGCSE - Year 11 PDF Download

Arithmetic Operators

• Addition ( + ): Combines two values to give a sum. For example, 3 + 5 equals 8.
• Subtraction ( - ): Finds the difference between two values. If you have 7 - 4, the result is 3.
• Division ( / ): Divides one value by another. When you divide 10 by 2, the result is 5.
• Multiplication ( * ): Multiplies two values together. For instance, 4 * 6 equals 24.
• Exponentiation ( ^ ): Raises a number to a certain power. If you have 2^3, it means 2 raised to the power of 3, which equals 8.
• Modulo ( MOD ): Returns the remainder after division. When you divide 10 by 3, the remainder is 1.
• Integer Division ( DIV ): Provides the whole number part of a division. For example, 11 DIV 3 equals 3.

Pseudocode example:

a ← 5
b ← 3
c ← a + b
d ← a - b
e ← a * b
f ← a / b
g ← a MOD b
h ← a ^ b
i ← a DIV b

Python example:

a = 5
b = 3
c = a + b
d = a - b
e = a * b
f = a / b
g = a % b
h = a ** b
i = a // b

Java example:

int a = 5;
int b = 3;
int c = a + b;
int d = a - b;
int e = a * b;
double f = (double) a / b;
int g = a % b;
double h = Math.pow(a, b);
int i = a / b;

Visual Basic example:

Dim a As Integer = 5
Dim b As Integer = 3
Dim c As Integer = a + b
Dim d As Integer = a - b
Dim e As Integer = a * b
Dim f As Double = a / b
Dim g As Integer = a Mod b
Dim h As Double = Math.Pow(a, b)
Dim i As Integer = a \ b

Logical Operators

• Equal to (=): Evaluates to true if two values are equal.
• Less than (<): Yields true if the first value is less than the second value.
• Less than or equal to (<=): Results in true if the first value is less than or equal to the second value.
• Greater than (>): Indicates true if the first value is greater than the second value.
• Greater than or equal to (>=): Indicates true if the first value is greater than or equal to the second value.
• Not equal to (<>): Returns true if the two values are not equal.

Pseudocode example:

a ← 5
b ← 3
c ← (a = b)
d ← (a < b)
e ← (a <= b)
f ← (a > b)
g ← (a >= b)
h ← (a <> b)

Python example:

a = 5
b = 3
c = (a == b)
d = (a < b)
e = (a <= b)
f = (a > b)
g = (a >= b)
h = (a != b)

Java example:

int a = 5;
int b = 3;
boolean c = (a == b);
boolean d = (a < b);
boolean e = (a <= b);
boolean f = (a > b);
boolean g = (a >= b);
boolean h = (a != b);

Visual Basic example:

Dim a As Integer = 5
Dim b As Integer = 3
Dim c As Boolean = (a = b)
Dim d As Boolean = (a < b)
Dim e As Boolean = (a <= b)
Dim f As Boolean = (a > b)
Dim g As Boolean = (a >= b)
Dim h As Boolean = (a <> b)

Boolean Operators

Boolean operators are logical operators employed to compare two or more values, yielding a Boolean outcome (True or False) contingent on the comparison. Here are the three essential operators:

• AND: Yields True only if both conditions are True.
• OR: Generates True if at least one condition is True, or if both conditions are True.
• NOT: Produces the inverse of the condition, resulting in True if the condition is False, and False if the condition is True.

Boolean Operators in Pseudocode:

IF (condition1 AND condition2) THEN
// code to execute if both conditions are True
END IF
IF (condition1 OR condition2) THEN
// code to execute if one or both conditions are True
END IF
IF NOT(condition) THEN
// code to execute if the condition is False
END IF

Boolean Operators in Python:

if condition1 and condition2:
# code to execute if both conditions are True
if condition1 or condition2:
# code to execute if one or both conditions are True
if not condition:
# code to execute if the condition is False

Boolean Operators in Java:

if (condition1 && condition2) {
// code to execute if both conditions are True
}
if (condition1 || condition2) {
// code to execute if one or both conditions are True
}
if (!condition) {
// code to execute if the condition is False
}

Boolean Operators in Visual Basic:

If condition1 And condition2 Then
' code to execute if both conditions are True
End If
If condition1 Or condition2 Then
' code to execute if one or both conditions are True
End If
If Not condition Then
' code to execute if the condition is False
End If