Class 10 History Chapter 2 Assertion and Reason Questions - India and the Contemporary World - II

Assertion is true but reason is false. Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely hopse. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs and the southern regions were under the domination of The Bourbon kings of Spain. Therefore the assertion is true but the reason is false.

Both assertion and reason are false. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations/ It could not be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. Thus both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion (True): The Frankfurt Parliament was indeed convened on 18 May 1848 with 831 representatives, convened to draft a constitution, but faced significant political conflict.

Reason (False): The main conflicts in the Frankfurt Parliament were about German unification and the nature of the German state, not specifically about the issue of extending political rights to women.

The assertion contains a factual event but inaccurately describes it as a revolt. The reason given is not the main issue of the Frankfurt Parliament's conflicts. Thus, the correct option is: If assertion is true but reason is false.

The Incorrect option is (b) : Secret Societies sprang up in many Indian states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.

Correct answer is : Secret Societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.

The incorrect option is: 'When America sneezes' Metternich once remarked, 'the rest of Europe catches cold.'

Explanation:

1. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830:

   • Correct. The July Revolution of 1830 in France led to the overthrow of the Bourbon King Charles X and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe.

2. The Bourbon Kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head:

   • Correct. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the Bourbon monarchy was restored, but it was overthrown during the July Revolution of 1830, leading to the rule of Louis Philippe.

3. 'When America sneezes' Metternich once remarked, 'the rest of Europe catches cold.':

   • Incorrect. The original quote attributed to Austrian Chancellor Metternich is "When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold." This phrase reflects the idea that political events in France often had a significant impact on the rest of Europe.

4. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands:

   • Correct. The July Revolution in France did indeed inspire the Belgian Revolution of 1830, which led to Belgium gaining independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Therefore, option 3 is incorrect because Metternich's remark referred to France, not America.

Visualizing the Nation

(i) Artists personified the nation—portrayed nation as a female figure.

(ii) Artist used the female allegory to portray ideas such as liberty, justice and the republic.

(iii) Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.

(iv) Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.

(v) Germania became the allegory of the German nation. She wears a crown of oak leaves, as in Germany oak stands for heroism.

• He was one of the most celebrated Italian freedom fighters.
• He came from a family engaged in coastal trade and was a sailor in the Merchant Navy. In 1833, he met Mazzini, joined the Young Italy Movement and participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834.
• The uprising was suppressed and Garibaldi had to flee to South America, where he lived in exile till 1848

• (ii) Unification of Germany: The unification of Germany was a process that culminated in 1871. Key events include the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), leading to the establishment of the German Empire.
• (iv) The Prussian King, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor: This occurred on January 18, 1871, at the Palace of Versailles, marking the formal unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.
• (iii) Victor Emmanuel II was declared as the king of united Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy: The unification of Italy was a gradual process. Victor Emmanuel II became the first king of a united Italy in 1861, but Rome was only captured in 1870 and declared the capital in 1871, after the unification was largely complete.
• (i) Slav nationalism was the go-to force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires: Slav nationalism gained significant momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly after the 1870s. It became a major force in the decline of the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires, especially leading up to and during World War I (1914-1918).

Now, let’s sequence them:

1. (ii) Unification of Germany (process completed by 1871)
2. (iv) The Prussian King, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor (January 18, 1871)
3. (iii) Victor Emmanuel II was declared as the king of united Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy (Rome became capital in 1871, later in the year)
4. (i) Slav nationalism was the go-to force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires (late 19th century, prominent by early 20th century)

Final Sequence: (ii), (iv), (iii), (i)

The correct chronological order is:

1. (ii) First upheaval took place in France: The French Revolution began in 1789.
2. (iv) Greek Struggle for independence begins: The Greek War of Independence started in 1821.
3. (iii) Lord Byron died: Lord Byron, who supported the Greek cause, died in 1824.
4. (i) Treaty of Constantinople: This treaty, which recognized Greece as an independent nation, was signed in 1832.

Therefore, the correct sequence is (ii) - (iv) - (iii) - (i).

(i) Libre is the typical translation for "free" when it used as an adjective for meanings other than being without cost. Gratis is used when referring to something that has no cost. Libre is derived from the verb librar, which is related to the English verb "liberate."

(ii) In Germany, Elle was the unit of measurement that was used to measure cloth. In the English system, one ell equals 1.143 meters, 1.25 yards, 45 inches. This cloth ell was used with a similar length in France. In France it was called the aune.

(iii) Le citoyen (the citizen) and La patrie (the fatherland) was one of the measures undertaken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among people of France. French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation, regional dialects were not encouraged.

(iv) La patrie is french word used for fatherland. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.It was initiated by French revolutionaries to create a collective belonging among the country men.

Correct Match:

• Assertion (A): Giuseppe Garibaldi was indeed an Italian General, politician, and nationalist who played a significant role in the history of Italy, particularly in the unification of the country. This statement is true.
• Reason (R): While Garibaldi contributed to the process of nation-building in Italy, he is not considered the sole architect of this process. The unification of Italy involved many other leaders, including Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II. Therefore, while the reason is true, it does not serve as the correct explanation for the assertion.

The Balkans became a hotspot of conflict due to the spread of Romantic Nationalism, which fueled the desire for independence from Ottoman rule. As the Ottoman Empire weakened, various ethnic groups in the Balkans were inspired by the ideas of nationalism to seek self-determination, leading to tensions and conflicts. This situation, described in Reason (R), is a valid explanation for why the Balkans were explosive.

Hence, both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A)

The French Revolution was an influential event that marked the age of revolutions in Europe because it inspired revolutionary movements and spread ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity across the continent. However, the reason is incorrect. The French Revolution transferred sovereignty from the monarch to the French citizens, establishing a republic (e.g., after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793 and the formation of the National Convention), rather than from the people to the monarch. Thus, (A) is true, but (R) is false, making option (c) the correct choice.